dit is een heel gedetailleerde samenvatting. het bevat schema's en uitleg bij begrippen. ook is alles heel mooi geschematiseerd in de samenvatting. het bevat tal van afbeeldingen voor extra verduidelijking en vele voorbeelden die telkens aangeduid zijn in een blauw kleur. definities van woorden zij...
,Inhoud
1 Kennismaking van psychologie............................................................................................................4
1.1 Definitie........................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Wetenschappelijke psychologie....................................................................................................4
1.3 Geschiedenis van de psychologie..................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Verre voorgeschiedenis..........................................................................................................4
1.3.2 Meer directe voorgeschiedenis..............................................................................................4
1.3.3 Psychologie als zelfstandige wetenschap...............................................................................5
1.3.4 Behaviorisme (o.a. john broadus watson)..............................................................................5
1.3.5 Nieuwe klemtonen in Europa.................................................................................................5
1.3.6 Amerika en de herontdekking van het innerlijke...................................................................6
1.3.7 Hedendaagse stromingen in de psychologie..........................................................................7
1.4 studiedomeinen binnen de psychologie.......................................................................................7
2 hoofdstuk 2..........................................................................................................................................7
3 de waarneming....................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Het waarnemingsproces in vogelvlucht........................................................................................8
3.1.1 De lange weg van prikkel en waarnemen...............................................................................8
3.1.2 De psychologische activiteiten...............................................................................................8
3.2 Waarnemen is Selecteren.............................................................................................................8
3.2.1 De verschillende zintuigen.....................................................................................................8
3.3 Waarnemen is Structuren.............................................................................................................9
3.3.1 Figuur en achtergrond...........................................................................................................9
3.3.2 Structureringsfactoren...........................................................................................................9
3.3.3 Herkennen van gestalten.....................................................................................................10
3.3.4 Waarnemingsconstanties.....................................................................................................11
3.3.5 Waarnemingsillusies............................................................................................................12
3.3.6 Culturele verschillen in het structureringsproces.................................................................12
3.4 Waarnemen is Interpreteren......................................................................................................12
4 Het geheugen....................................................................................................................................13
4.1 De vele betekenissen van het woord “geheugen”......................................................................13
4.1.1 Automatisch en bewuste nawerking van geheugeninhoud.................................................13
4.2 De inprenting..............................................................................................................................15
4.2.1 Structurering van het materiaal...........................................................................................15
4.2.2 Passende cues of ophaalaanwijzingen.................................................................................16
4.3 De latentieperiode......................................................................................................................17
, 4.3.1 Beschrijving van het vergeetproces.....................................................................................17
4.3.2 Waarom vergeten wij?.........................................................................................................17
4.4 De reproductie............................................................................................................................18
4.4.1 Het oproepen van herinneringen.........................................................................................18
4.4.2 Geheugenvorming (paramnesie).........................................................................................18
5 Leerprocessen....................................................................................................................................19
5.1 Soorten leerprocessen................................................................................................................19
5.1.1 Klassieke conditionering......................................................................................................19
5.1.2 Bijkomende processen.........................................................................................................20
5.1.3 Contraconditionering...........................................................................................................20
5.1.4 Een cognitieve interpretatie van de klassieke conditionering..............................................20
5.2 Operante conditionering.............................................................................................................21
5.2.1 Leren door gissen en missen................................................................................................21
5.2.2 Een cognitieve interpretatie van dit leerproces...................................................................21
5.2.3 Operante conditioneringsmechanismen..............................................................................22
5.2.4 Pedagogische Toepassingen van operante conditionering...................................................23
5.3 Modeling.....................................................................................................................................24
5.4 Priming.......................................................................................................................................24
6 Denken en intelligentie......................................................................................................................25
6.1 Valstrikken bij het denken...........................................................................................................25
6.1.1 Misleidende input................................................................................................................25
6.1.2 fouten bij de verwerking......................................................................................................25
6.2 het intelligentieonderzoek..........................................................................................................26
6.2.1 intelligentie en intelligentietests..........................................................................................26
6.2.2 Intelligentie Quotiënt:..........................................................................................................26
6.2.3 Interpretatie van testuitslagen.............................................................................................26
6.2.4 Structuur van intelligentie....................................................................................................26
6.2.5 Andere soorten intelligentie................................................................................................26
7 Motivatie...........................................................................................................................................27
7.1 Precisering van de vraagstelling..................................................................................................27
7.1.1 De complexiteit van de menselijke motivatie......................................................................27
7.1.2 Hoe psychologen daarmee omgaan.....................................................................................27
7.2 motivatietheorieën.....................................................................................................................28
7.2.1 de psychodynamische theorie.............................................................................................28
7.2.2 Neobehavioristische theorie van Hull..................................................................................28
7.2.3 Humanistische behoeftetheorie...........................................................................................28
, 7.2.4 Zelfdeterminatietheorie.......................................................................................................29
8 Emoties..............................................................................................................................................30
8.1 De plaats van de emoties in het gedrag......................................................................................30
8.1.1 Emoties, gevoelens en stemmingen.....................................................................................30
8.1.2 Op het snijpunt tussen cognitie en motivatie......................................................................31
8.2 Autonome lichaamsveranderingen bij emoties..........................................................................31
8.2.1 Belangrijke lichamelijke veranderingen...............................................................................31
8.2.2 Biologische nut van de autonome lichaamsveranderingen..................................................32
8.2.3 Stress en stresshantering.....................................................................................................32
8.2.4 Geluk....................................................................................................................................33
8.3 Psychologische aspecten van emoties........................................................................................33
8.3.1 Het belevingsaspect van emoties.........................................................................................33
8.3.2 Expressie van emoties..........................................................................................................34
8.4 Theorieën over emoties..............................................................................................................35
9 Persoonlijkheid..................................................................................................................................36
9.1 Situering......................................................................................................................................36
9.1.1 Hypothetisch construct........................................................................................................36
9.1.2 Overeenkomsten..................................................................................................................36
9.1.3 Enkele aanverwante begrippen............................................................................................36
9.2 Historische evolutie van de persoonlijkheidstheorieën..............................................................37
9.2.1 Oude persoonlijkheidstheorieën..........................................................................................37
9.2.2 Recentere visies op persoonlijkheid.....................................................................................37
9.2.3 Persoonlijkheid binnen de belangrijkste psychologische stromingen..................................37
9.2.4 The big five...........................................................................................................................38
9.3 biologische en neurologische inzichten......................................................................................40
9.3.1 aangeboren of aangeleerd?.................................................................................................40
9.3.2 Tweelingstudies...................................................................................................................40
9.3.3 Neuropsychologisch onderzoek...........................................................................................41
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