1. Pasteur - Final disproof spontaneous generation
2. Hook- Saw first microbes
3. Lister -Aseptic techniques during surgery
4. Semmelweis - Dr. had to wash hands in maternity ward
5. Schultze & Schwann- Chemical treatment of air stops ability to produce life
6. Koch - Developed postulates for disease microbe connection
7. Redi - Maggot-meat experiment
8. Leeuwenhoek - Made first microscope
Fundamental of cells:
Unicellular (Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, some fungi) and multicellular organisms (animals and
plants)
All cells (prokaryotes + eukaryotes) have in common:
Cell membrane
DNA that holds genetic information
Ribosomes for protein synthesis
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotes are more complex with DNA enclosed in nucleus and membrane enclosed
organelles
Bacterial shapes:
Cocci Rods. Vibrio Spirillum
1
, Microbiology Midterm Study Guide
Spirochete Branching Filaments
The 5 Is:
Inoculation - Purposely moving something from 1 place to another. starts with specimen
collection; lesion, draw blood, bird droppings, etc.
- introducing a tiny sample into a medium to provide an env't where they multiply.
Incubation - To hear bacteria to make it grow (usually body temp). maintaining something at
the most favorable temperature for its development. 20 deg C & 40 deg. C02 may be required.
- promotes multiplication of microbes over period of hours.
- produces a culture
Isolation - Separate from each other
separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, spreading bacteria
apart as far as possible.
- isolated microbes takes the form of separate colonies on solid media or turbidity (free floating
cells) on broth.
Inspection - Doing tests on the bug
appearance, cells, colony (red? shape, gram stain, sugar, etc.).
2
, Microbiology Midterm Study Guide
Identification - determine type of microbe
- specialized tests; biochemical test to determine metabolic activities specific to microbes
- immunologic tests, genetic analysis.
Microscopy Basics/Types of microscopes:
1. Bright field microscope - Most widely used microscope
image is darker than illuminated field
made by putting light through specimen
2. Dark field microscope- similar to bright field
image is lighter than illuminated field
bright field microscope is changed to dark field microscope by adding a condenser to the
light
3. Phase contrast microscope- used with live specimen
produces image with specimen against gray background
can see internal cells
4. Differential interreference microscope- produces colorful 3D image
2 prisms which add contrasting colors to image
5. Fluorescence microscope – ultraviolet light for colored image against black field
makes an image
6. Confocal microscope- visualizes fluorescent molecules in a single plane of focus by
excluding out of focus light
7. Transmission electron microscope- uses electron beams to form image
magnify images up to 100,000x
works by transmitting electrons through specimen
8. Scanning electron microscope – detailed 3D images of specimen
magnify up to 650,000x
works by sending electrons to the specimen and detecting deflected electrons is
characterized as a microscope that has lower magnifying power but can provide 3-
dimensional viewing of objects. captures the image of the object in black and white
after being stained with gold and palladium.
9. Atomic force microscope- A microscope that uses a beam deflection system with a laser
and photodetector to measure the beam position as a cantilever with a tip scans across
3
, Microbiology Midterm Study Guide
the surface of a material. The force between the tip and sample is calculated by
measuring the deflection of the lever and knowing the stiffness of the cantilever.
10. Scanning tunneling microscope- uses a computer to make highly magnified image of a
specimen
Advantage: can view other objects as small as an individual atom, can view living
organisms
Disadvantage: expensive
Light microscopes Vs Electron microscopes:
1. light microscope uses light to illuminate specimens and glass lenses to magnify images.
2. electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate specimens and magnetic lenses
to magnify images. The resolution (the level of image detailing) is the main difference between
these two microscopes
Resolution:
A scanning transmission electron microscope has achieved better than 50
pm resolution in annular dark-field imaging mode and magnifications of up to about
10,000,000×
light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful
magnifications below 2000×.
Magnification:
Magnification is the ability to make small objects seem larger, such as making
a microscopic organism visible. Resolution is the ability to distinguish two
objects from each other. Light microscopy has limits to both its resolution and
its magnification.
Macromolecules key to microbiology:
Macromolecules: Large organic molecules in cells. Includes nucleic acids, proteins,
polysaccharides and lipids
polysaccharide - is one type of macromolecule made up of monosaccharides like glucose and
fructose
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller EXAMGUIDE. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
