Biology digital notes for highschool students. Easy to read and understand illustrative notes. Detailed explanation of every topic. Reading of this document is tough for understanding the important concepts of the topic
Biomolecules
Biomoleculs: all organic compounds (carbon containing) that we get from
a living tissue
Water 70-90% → most abundant substant/chemical
F
Proteins 10-15 % → most abundant
Nuclei's acid (DNA/RNA) 5-7%
Carbohydrates 3%
Lipids 2%
Inorganic ions & compounds 1%
Note: most abundant element in living body → oxygen: 65%
Note: Relative abundance of carbon & hydrogen in living than that of
earth's trust
Chemical analysis of tissue
Take a living tissue (vegetable or piece of lines)
-
Crush & grind it in trichloroacetic acid
(In mortar & pestle)
door ......
Thick slurry -
:::
I
Strain it with cheesecloth or cotton
, Acid soluble / filterate Acid insoluble / retentate
Biomicromolecule Biomacromolecule
Molecular weight Molecular weight >=
= 18 - 800 Da 10000 Da
Eg amino- acids Eg protein
Monosaccharides Polysaccharide
Disaccharides sugars sugars
Nitrogen base Nuclei acid (DNA/
Nucleoside RNA)
Nucleotide Lipids / fats 800 Da
Fatty acids ·
membranes
insoluble
Glycerol ↓
broken into
pieces
↓ :
resicle
form
Not true Biomacromolecule
Ash analysis (Inorganic)
Living tissue
Dry weight Combustion 7
Ash
-
>
~
(inorganic
H2O (dehydration) Organic compounds compounds)
Evaporation CO2
,
H2O , NHs
Sulphate,
Oxidised phosphate,
calcium
ion,chloride ion
Biomoleculs = metabolites
Primary metabolites
Universal (occurs las in all living organism)
Known functions
Eg. Carbohydrate, protiers, lipids, nudica acid
, Secondary metabolites
Occurs in plant, fungi & microbes
Unknown functions
Many uses in human welfare,
Some hale ecological importance
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↓ ↓
Drugs Pigments Lectins v
Polymers
V
Essential
Alkaloids oils
~
Terpenoids
& toxins
Amino acids
Biomicromolecull
Filterate, acid soluble
<800 Da (<100)
Building block of protein
H R-random
L
H C H COOH
7
H2N C
carboxylic acid
Amino
H H
Methane(Hy Substituted Methane
4 Valency COOM
-
COOH and -NH2 NHz
-
are
-
on
~
-
R group
same carbon < carbon Amino acid H
> x
Amino arid
diff .
types of A A
.
=> R
group
> only 20
types form proteins
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