MDC2 EXAM 1 (review 1) QUESTIONS & ANSWERS RATED 100% CORRECT!!
Seven warning signs of cancer
Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does not heal, Unusual bleeding/discharge, Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious change in wart/mo...
MDC2 EXAM 1 (review 1) QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
RATED 100% CORRECT!!
Seven warning signs of cancer
Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does not heal, Unusual
bleeding/discharge, Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty
swallowing, Obvious change in wart/mole, Nagging cough/hoarseness.
Initiation
Change in gene expression leading to loss of cellular regulation. Excessive cell
division
Cancer development stages of malignancy
initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis
Promotion
Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances known as
promoters Promoters can be hormones, proteins (insulin and estrogen)
Progression
Continued change of a cancer making it more malignant over time
metastasis
Cancer cells move from the primary location and establish remote colonies.
Cancer classification
Cancers are classified by type of tissue from which the arise Solid tumors: associated
with the organ where they develop Hematological cancers: Originate from blood cell-
forming tissues such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas
Cancer prevention primary
Avoidance of known/potential carcinogens Ex: Teach adults to use skin protection
during sun exposure Ex: Eliminate
Modifying associated factors primary
Modifying behavior to reduce the associated factor can decrease the risk of CA
development. Ex increased incidence of CA among adults who consume alcohol Diets
high in fat and low in fibers
Removal of "at-risk" tissues primary
Ex: Chemoprevention Vaccination o Ex: HPV vaccine
Secondary Prevention
Regular screening for cancer does not reduce cancer incidence but can greatly reduce
some types of CA deaths Teach all adults to participate in routine screenings Annual
mammography (45-54 years of age), Biennial (55+) Annual breast exams, colonoscopy
at 50, annual FOBT, Prostate screening for men 50+ Testing for gene mutations o Ex:
BRCA genes
Types of cancers
(carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma)
Types of therapy ( surgery)
Can be used prophylactically or as curative Tx Used for diagnostics Ex: biopsies *
Cons: loss of function and some cancer cells could escape surgery Ex: CA cells left
behind or mobilized into vasculature causing metastases
Types of therapy (Radiation)
, Destroys cancer cells with minimal damaging effects Side Effects Rash, altered taste,
fatigue, bone marrow suppression, hair loss Interprofessional collaborative care: Do not
remove ink markings Teach patients to avoid skin irritants Teach patients about risk for
fractures Implement exercise and sleep interventions Care for dry mouth Nutritional
supplementation.
Types of therapy (Chemotherapy)
Treatment of cancer with chemical agents. Damages DNA and interferes with cell
division
types of therapy ( Immunotherapy)
Modifies patients biological responses to tumor cells Side Effects: Fluid retention,
electrolyte imbalances, bone marrow supp. Skin reaction, hypertension, GI distress,
mucositis
types of therapy ( Photodynamic)
Selective destruction of CA cells via chemical reaction triggered by types of light
Types of therapy (Hormonal Therapy)
Changing hormone responses Ex: some hormones make hormone sensitive tumors
grow more rapidly. Inhibits these responses. * Masculizing effects in women, feminizing
effects in men, acne, fluid retention, hypercalcemia, DVT
Surgical classification types ( Prophylactic surgery)
Prophylactic surgery Removes potentially cancerous tissue as a means of preventing
CA development Performed when a patient has existing premalignant conditions or
strong predisposition for development of CA Ex: removing benign polyp from colon
Surgical classification types (Diagnostic Surgery)
Biopsy: removal of all or part of a lesion to confirm or r/o CA Dx
Surgical classification (Curative Surgery)
Removes all CA tissue
surgical classification (Cytoreductive surgery)
Removes part of the tumor when entire removal of the mass is not
possible. Decreases size of tumor = alleviation of sx and enhance success of CA tx.
surgical classification ( palliative surgery
*Sx relief and improving quality of life
* Ex: breast reconstruction s/p mastectomy.
S/E of therapies ( Adverse effects of surgery)
Loss of function
Reduced function
Scarring/disfigurement
Grieving about altered body image/change in lifestyle
S/E of therapies ( adverse effects of chemo
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