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Summary - Mid-Tudor Crisis (H1505)
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Elizabeth and religion:Religious situation in 1558:
● Many Protestants had left during persecutions and gone into exile in Frankfurt, Geneva,
Zurich. When they found out Mary died they returned home, certain that their input would be
needed for the new Church Settlement. There were 800 men and their travel had broadened
their minds to embrace more radical views but not to tolerate differing views. Not a united
group. Elizabeth favoured the priests who stayed in England because they were moderate
● Mary tried reintroducing Catholicism with her Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Reginald
Pole. He tried introducing reforms to remove some of the abuses in the Church which made
it open to attack but in the public view his reforms were overshadowed by the burnings as
the burning Protestants' determination challenged Catholic faith. Mary’s bishops (members
of the House of Lords) were loyal Catholics who defeated Elizabeth’s first proposals for a
Settlement
Foreign situations impact on religious development:
● War with France- France was a largely Catholic country and negotiations about Calais and
England’s now non-existent empire in France may have been easier if England wasn’t
aggressively Protestant
● Alliance with Spain- Philip who was part of the Habsburg family who ruled most of Europe;
even Netherlands which was the most important trading partner for cloth. Was willing to
marry Elizabeth to make sure Enlgand didn’t fall into the hands of a Franco-Scottish alliance
as it would leave Spain with nothing
● Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis- peace negotiations between Habsburgs and the Valois.
Philip’s assured alliance allowed Elziabeth to be optimistic but eventually she had to accept
that Calais might not be returned in April 1559. It was agreed that Calais would be returned
after 8 years if England didn’t do anything to forfeit this. There were fears that France and
Spain, the two Catholic powers might create a better treaty and launch an attack to invade
England; but neither France nor Spain could afford this
● Situation in Scotland- Mary, Queen of Scots had a legitimate claim to the English Crown.
Her husband, the French Dauphin was eager to promote her as a rival queen, especially if
Elizabeth turned England Protestant. But in Scotland in 1559 rebellious Protestant Lords
overthrew the regent, lessening Elizabeth’s fears
Elizabeth’s advice:
● Received advice from Richard Goodrich, a Protestant MP from Edward’s time who sent
Divers Points of Religion Contrary to the Church of Rome. This book argued she should
move slowly and be aware of possible threat from surviving bishops from Mary’s reign
● Received advice from an anonymous person who sent her The Device for Alteration of
Religion. This book recognised the issues that would take place if England returned to
Protestantism; especially foreign relation problems. It urged that a committee be created to
review the Book of Common Prayer and ceremonies of the Church to create an agreement
of uniformity of order
Elizabeth’s attitude:
,● In Catholic eyes Elizabeth was illegitimate since her mother Anne Boleyn’s marriage to
Henry was not recognised by the Church. So a Protestant reformation was necessary if
Elizabeth didn’t want her right to the throne to be undermined
● Elizabeth liked some Catholic elements like silver crosses on the altar, unmarried clergy,
rich vestments and elaborate church music. She believed a church with some Catholic
elements would be useful in preventing Spain from attacking a crusade against her
How this was tackled:
● Parliament met in January 1559 where the Commons was ready to support anything she
said but the Lords formed a Roman Catholic party, opposing her. The Lords amended her
bill beyond recognition so Elizabeth prorogued the parliament for Easter
● A second session was held but before it started the Bishops of Lincoln and Winchester were
sent to the Tower for disobedience
● Elizabeth changed the bill to satisfy the Catholic members; she changed her role from
Supreme Head to Supreme Governor because for the Catholics the only Head was the
Pope
● Everyone had to take an Oath of Supremacy to Elizabeth, or they would be deprived of their
positions
Religious settlement 1559:
● Acts of Supremacy- Elizabeth was made Supreme Governor of the Church, all clergy had to
take an oath to her. Heresy laws were repealed. Communion was authorised
● Acts of Uniformity- 1552 Book of Common Prayer was to be used in all churches, all must
attend church on Sundays or pay a fine, the clergy dress and church ornaments were to be
those of 1548
● Taxes- taxes paid by the church e.g First Fruits and Tenths were to be paid to Elizabeth now
● Monasteries- that were restored by Mary were dissolved again
● Royal Injunctions- clergy were to wear distinctive clothes, music was encouraged at Sunday
services, communion and images were allowed
● Clergy- could marry but their wives must be approved by a bishop
Opposition:
● Protestants who left England during Mary’s reign were the most vocal about opposing her
policies as they wanted a settlement that went further towards Calvinism and wanted to
eradicate anything in Church that pointed towards Catholicism
● Some Protestants argued that the only basis for beliefs should be the authority of the Holy
Scriptures (Bible). These people were associated with the Catholic Church
● Many Protestants and almost all Puritans were concerned that there was a lack of provision
to help personal spiritual needs. They said attending one service on Sunday was not
enough, so they held private meetings where they studied books and had lectures and
sermons
Attitudes to Bishops:
, ● Some Protestants were hostile to bishops because they believed their role was not a biblical
one and they were chosen by the monarch; they believed they should be chosen by the
whole church
● Bishops were used to maintain order and enforce regulations as Elizabeth thought they
were useful for this
Puritans:
● Wanted changes to the Religious Settlement. Tried achieving this through campaigns,
protests, propaganda, and House of Commons
● These methods were met by various degrees of success. Some Puritans were so frustrated
by their failure they formed a Separatist sect
● Initially Puritans was used to describe the enthusiastic Protestants. The name came out in
the 1560s regarding a dispute about vestments. But by 1570 the Puritans were a radical
branch who refused to follow the Prayer Book
Changes proposed in Parliament by the Puritans:
● Vestments, 1565- Elizabeth wanted priests to be identified by their clothes to ensure high
standards of behaviour but the Puritans wanted this to end and everyone to dress alike
● Thirty-Nine Articles, 1563- definition of the beliefs of the English Church which had been
accepted by Convocation (church parliament). Clergy were to accept these conditions as a
condition of holding their livings; so they accepted with reservations. Although the Clergy
didn’t always accept their existence
● Walter Strickland’s proposals, 1571- Strickland was a gentleman MP from Yorkshire. He set
out a bill to reform the Book of Common Prayer by abolishing the use of surplices, ring in
marriage, kneeling at communion, along with other practices he deemed superstitious.
● Anthony Cope’s proposals, 1586- an MP sympathetic to Presbyterianism in the parliament.
By 1586 the Puritans had enough popularity in England to get MPs of their own choice into
power. Cope proposed the overturning of the government and practices of the Church. The
Genevan Prayer Book would replace the Book of Common Prayer and there would be no
bishops. This bill won some support and was supported a lot by MP Job Throckmorton.
Elizabeth didn’t like this and sent Cope and four others to the Tower; the book vanished
Puritans methods:
● Criticism in academic circles- Thomas Cartwright, a professor at Cambridge introduced
Presbyterian teachings. In 1570 he gave lectures in which he contrasted the Elizabethan
Church. He said bishops weren’t biblical practices; this increased resentment towards
bishops. Cartwright’s freedom of speech and professorship was removed
● Appeal to public opinion- in June 1572 a document called the Admonition to the Parliament
was written by John Field and Thomas Wilcox. It appealed to the public. It argued for the
eradication of superstitious practices and urged the Genevan ministry to replace the current
hierarchy in the Church. Elizabeth had them both arrested immediately
Success and failure:
● Vestment controversy:
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