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8a.1) Explain why levels of spending on healthcare and education varies from country tocountry (8)
One reason why the level of spending on healthcare varies from One reason why levels of education vary from country to country is
country to country is due to totalitarian vs democratic regimes. due to different levels of governance. For example, some countries
Healthcare can vary as in democracies such as Costa Rica or the Uk, it such as Saudi Arabia have implemented Sharia law which creates
is more likely to be a welfare state where healthcare is state funded. barriers for women to go into education. Gender inequality also plays
A second reason is because some governments put economic well a role in variations of education as countries in poverty are more likely
being over healthcare. For example Singapore. to pull girls out of schools earlier.
8a.1 Assess the extent to which the MDGs were successful (12)
● MDGs were a set of 8 goals based on human rights ● Another MDGs with varying success is improving maternal
developments. One of the most successful was goal 2 health/children mortality rates (goals 4 + 5), countries such
universal primary education, high overall enrolment, shows as Nepal has been some success with free childbirth for all
clear success e.g. Tanzania where by 2010 nationwide mothers from development fund, however can't be said to be
enrolment up to 95% from 59% in 2000, however this initial universal e.g. in Zimbabwe these have declined, have
success of increased education participation lead to some corrupt government + lack of political stability which will play
problems, e.g. lack of resources to deal with increased class large role in them meeting their MDGs, could show how
sizes, will likely decrease educational quality and so question MDGs would never be universally successful due to
what benefits will actually be received by children, shows how individual countries own circumstances.
success unlikely to continue ● can also be seen in reducing extreme poverty, although has
reduced by 56%, china accounts for 500 million of this
putting statistics into question, e.g. in Afghanistan a country
in midst of conflict, 80% population still drink contaminated
water sources. Another example is how MDGs are never
going to be completely successful due to not recognising
other factors, as Paul Collier said, 'we got to recognise the
complexity' not just poverty alone, MDGs are successful in
some areas but not all.
8a.1) Explain how different models of human development (Sharia and Bolivia) challenge
accepted views of human development (8)
Sharia Law Bolivia under Morales
Countries such as Brunei and Saudi Arabia have implemented Sharia First indigenous president.
law into their governance. Has lifted 500,000 Bolivians from poverty.
It is the rule of the Islamic religion, creating a code of conduct which is Institutionalised racism
incompatible without perceptions of human rights. Latin America's poorest country
Includes human rights violations such as a man can beat his wife for Failed education and social reforms and were against TNC
disobeying him, death penalty etc. developments so never improved.
8a.2)Explain why levels of education vary both within and between countries (8)
One reason levels of education vary is due to social barriers. Some One reason levels of education varies within countries is due to
countries implement ideas such as Sharia law which prevent women gender inequality. In low income sub-saharan Africa, fewer girls finish
from being in education. This is evident in areas such as Saudi Arabia. school than boys due to gender inequality.
A second reason levels of education varies between countries is due A second reason that education varies within countries is due to
to poverty. In countries such as Africa, the highest level of educational intergenerational cycles such as the North South divide. This has
achievement is limited due to poverty. This means that families expect differences in attainment between students in the south compared to
children to drop out of school to work and increase money in their the north.
family, thus limiting levels of education between countries.
8a.2) Explain the relationship between life expectancy and health spending (6)
The increase in health spending means the higher the life expectancy. Case study evidence
Countries with state funded healthcare have higher life expectancies. Costa Rica defunded its military force and funded healthcare instead.
Less health spending has meant that there are less lifestyle campaigns This has resulted in an increase in life expectancy.
which increase life expectancy. For example, Change4Life which Meanwhile, Russia is a totalitarian regime. Less health spending and
encourages exercise and therefore increases life expectancy. less state funded health spending has meant that there is a reduced
life expectancy.
, 8a.3) Evaluate the statement that governments and IGOs play a significant role in defining
development targets and policies. (20)
Role of governments: Role of IGOs:
Governments can prioritise different factors such as economic and Dominant IGOs have traditionally promoted neo-liberal views of
human development to improve development targets and policies development based on the adoption of free trade, privatisation and
within a country. deregulation.
Human ● Reduced state intervention
● Education spending ● Free market capitalism
● Healthcare spending ● Promotion of free trade
● Promotion of freedom and equality ● Deregulating the free market.
Economic IGOs such as the IMF focus on the trickle down effect - where private
● Infrastructure investment wealth trickles down.
● Tax breaks to help foreign visitors. ● World Bank
Environmental ○ GPE - Global partnership for Education.
● Reduction of pollution ○ Aim to achieve Millenium Development Goals
● Ensuring clean water and sanitation ○ Focuses on poorest countries
○ Climate Action Plan [2016]
SPI - quantifies how well different governments provide for their people ○ 100 million flood early warning systems.
● IMF
Case study - Costa Rica - no armed forces, government spends large ○ Poverty reduction programme
sums on health and education. Ranked highly in terms of foundations ○ Introduction of SAPs - develop development plans to
of wellbeing and basic human needs. encourage government resilience.
Case study - Russia - small health spending [50% of Costa rica's
education and health budget] authoritarian regime.
Role of governments Role of IGOs.
Economic and social progress can significantly be limited due to Concerns that neoliberalism benefits businesses and TNCs far more
differences in democratic and authoritarian regimes. than ordinary people and creates inequality.
Democratic - Sweden and Costa Rica spend large sums in relation to Growing gap between rich and poor.
income, health and education. Growth of a welfare state. Focuses on industrialisation, trade and jobs that concentrate in cities.
Totalitarian - Russia and Ethiopia are run by dictatorships which Focuses on profit and economic growth at the expense of the
provide less for their people. environment.
● Haiti intervention.
Case study - France vs Saudi Arabia. ○ Led to a mass deforestation problem.
France - healthcare is state funded + high welfare and pension
payment
SA - only 22% of women work and 20% of the population live in
poverty.
8a.4) Evaluate the importance of both international law and international agreements in
protecting human rights (20)
Universal declaration of human rights: European convention on HR Geneva convention:
formed after WW2, 30 articles basic human European, also after ww2, all members specific war, 196 countries, protect those caught
rights, e.g. banning torture/equality, one first incorporate into laws, don't have to go to up in conflict, e.g. civilians/medics, however
agreements outlining such principles, european court, e.g. UK 1998 human rights despite overall global consensus, number
signed 48 countries, although not legally act, protect basic rights, means all public issues, countries own rights to prosecute so
binding still important as has lead to bodies/functions in uk must abide by them, issues national authority + as occurs 'fog war'
member nations including in own laws, laws made using principles, helps human very hard to prosecute with little evidence/midst
forms framework foreign policy, helps rights as all residents treated equally + helped conflict, clear example syrian conflict, despite
inform military/economic interventions. human right hearings in uk as no need go to action taken to stop human rights abuses
influenced how many countries deem europe, however- is being threatened, uk rescuers not protected, almost half population
human rights, however- as not legally national sovereignty, believe should make displaced/killed little action stop/protect, even
binding + more just guidelines not actually own judgements, played large role in brexit + seen in countries e.g. USA guantomono bay
universal, not all signed, e.g. south africa so now threatened, already shown violation torture able to get away as not on US soil yet
protect apartheid initially as not agreed with 60% cases so may not be very effective still against both UDHR + Geneva, shows again
this, or saudi arabia that doesn't agree with anyway as can get away not following little importance + own governments more
right all belief + woman equality, shows how influential
not that significant by fact many groups still
suffer regardless as can't actually be
enforced
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