Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions 100% Answered(rated A)

Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions 100 What is hypertrophy -ANSWER increase in cell size. pathologic or physiologic. caused by mechanical stress and workload physiologic -ANSWER responses are normal responses to hormones or endogenous mediators hyperplasia -ANSWER an increase in cell number. Occurs hormonal or compensatory (like growing back an organ) Trophic trigger -ANSWER any sort of secreted factor like cytokine or hormone. Muscle can adapt to mechanical like stretching or contraction. It will also respond to testosterone. atrophy -ANSWER loss of cell size due to injury, virus/cancer, immobilization, etc. this is a survival mechanism to conserve energy. Can occur when protein synthesis is less than protein degradation. Can occur when there is not enough stress. Atrophy does not mean dead. It means diminished function. metaplasia -ANSWER an adult cell is replaced by another through genetic reprogramming to better able to endure environment. Like when somebody is smoking, the endothelial cells are replaced with ones that are better able to endure the toxins. Reversible cell programming. what determines if an injury is reversible or irreversible? -ANSWER stimulus type, duration and severity necrosis -ANSWER cell death when the damage is irreversible and there is damage to the membrane and it leaks out fluid. The cell is eaten. Always pathologic. Decrease in ATP is huge. sickle cell anemia -ANSWER mutation in hemoglobin so cells cannot carry O2 and causes clotting. exertional sickling -ANSWER sickle- necrosis- all protein in muscle leaks- myoglobin in blood-? Goes to kidneys and causes renal failure apoptosis -ANSWER regulated cell death and rarely pathologic. Accumulation of proteins. Recycling process. Self contained, not so much membrane instability. Phagocyte eats Programmed cell suicide Caused by a lot of things like proliferating cells, elimination of self reactive lymphocytes, eliminate viruses or tumors Intrinsic- regulated by mitochondria from low ATP and is triggered by activation of caspases Extrinsic- death receptor pathway. Different ligands outside cell initiate capsases DNA damage hypoxia -ANSWER Ischemia can cause hypoxia but hypoxia does not cause ischemia Ischemia damages faster than hypoxia causes of cell injury -ANSWER hypoxia, Chemicals that alter the cell permeability Viruses and bacteria Autoimmune Genetic defects Poor nutrition Environment Age irreversible cell injury -ANSWER ATP deficiency and membrane disturbances. Inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction (ATP deficiency). necrosis and apoptosis reversible cell injury -ANSWER cell swelling (failure to pump) and metabolic change Consequences of cell response depend type, status, makeup and adaptability % Answered(rated A)