HSC 404 Exam 3 Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete Solution 2024.

HSC 404 Exam 3 Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete Solution 2024. Recall bias is more likely to occur in ___________ studies Case control Repeated measurement reliability the degree of consistency among repeated measurements of the same individual on more than one occasion Internal consistency reliability evaluates the degree of agreement or homogeneity within a questionnaire measure of an attitude, personal characteristic, or psychological attribute interjudge reliability degree of agreement among several trained experts Diagnostic test test that determines whether disease is actually present To improve sensitivity lower cut point; moved toward "Normal" individuals To improve specificity raise cut point; moved toward "Diseased" individuals content validity the degree to which the measurement incorporates the domain of the phenomenon under study Criterion-referenced validity found by correlating a measure with an external criterion of the entity being assessed Predictive validity denotes the ability of a measure to predict some attribute or characteristic in the future concurrent validity obtained by correlating a measure with an alternative measure of the same phenomenon taken at the same point construct validity the degree to which the measurement agrees with the theoretical concept being investigated measurement bias constant errors that are introduced by a faculty measuring device and tend to reduce the reliability of measurements Halo effect the influence of the observer's recollection or knowledge of findings on a previous occasion social desirability effects respondent answers questions in a manner that agrees with desirable social norms lead time bias the perception that the screen-detected case has longer survival because the disease was identified early length bias Slow-progressing cases of disease with a better prognosis are more likely to be identified than faster-progressing cases of disease with a poorer prognosis selection bias motivated participants have a different probability of disease than those who refuse to participate Epidemiologic triangle A model used to explain the etiology of infectious diseases. Recognizes three major factors in the pathogenesis of disease: agent, host, and environment. Host a person or animal who permits the lodgment of an infectious disease agent under natural conditions Nonspecific defense mechanisms skin, mucosal surfaces, tears, saliva, gastric juices, and the immune system Active immunity a disease organism stimulates the potential host's immune system to create antibodies against the disease Natural, active immunity results from an infection by an agent artificial, active immunity vaccine induced immunity; results from an injection with a vaccine that stimulates antibody production in the host Passive immunity short term immunity provided by administration of antibodies Natural, passive immunity performed antibodies are passed to the fetus during pregnancy and provide short-term immunity in the newborn Artificial, passive immunity performed antibodies are given to exposed individuals to confer protection against a disease Environment domain external to the host in which the agent may exist, survive, or originate Viruses microorganism composed of a piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat; cannot live on their own and must inhabit a host to survive and replicate Rickettsia Genus bacteria that can grow within cells; ectoparasites transmit not cause the majority of these agents Mycoses Fungal diseases (ringworm, athlete's foot) Protozoa microscopic single-organisms mostly in poorer countries (malaria, amebiasis); causes vector-borne diseases Helminths Organisms found mostly in moist, tropical areas; internal parasites (roundworms, pinworms, tapeworms)