200cells - ansnew cases of aids are diagnosed initially by decreased CD4+T-cell numbers at or below
_____
A and B - ansa person with type O blood is likely to have high titers of which anti-antibodies?
AB - ansuniversal recipient blood type, can receive o, a, or b
active immunity - ansacquired; ex-vaccines; produced by an individual either after natural exposure to an
antigen or after immunization
acute pain - ansan event; cause often known; lasts less than 6 months; sudden onset; clinical signs
include increased pulse rate, elevated bp, increased rr, diaphoresis, and dilated pupils; prognosis is
usually complete relief
adaptation - ansexhaustion occurs if stress continues when which stage of general adaptation syndrome
is not successful?
adrenal cortex - ansreleased stress-induced cortisol results in the stimulation of gluoneogenesis by
affecting this structure
affecting the receptor for TSH, causing neonatal hyperthyroidism - ansgraves disease is an autoimmune
disease that results in which maternal antibody?
AIDS - ansmost notable form of secondary or acquired immune deficiency caused by an infectious agent
alarm stage - ansstage of general adaptation syndrome that activates that stimulates the hypothalamus
alarm stage or reaction of general adaptation syndrome - ansthe CNS is aroused and the body's
defenses are mobilized; one becomes alarmed by a stressor that activates the hypothalamus and
sympathetic nervous system
alloimmunity - ansblood transfusion reactions are an example of _______________
alpha fetoprotein - ansprotein secreted by liver and germ cell tumors into the blood
Alzheimer's disease - ansleading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes of severe
cognitive dysfunction in older adults
alzheimers - anscondition diagnosed by ruling out other possibilities
anaphylaxis - ansa hypersensitivity reaction that produces an allergic response is called
___________________
anaplasia - ansmuscle cells showing a deduced ability to form a new muscle while appearing highly
disorganized is considered ________
anosognosia - anssince his cerebrovascular accident, a man has been denying his left hemiplegia-this
can be described as what finding?
anterior cerebral artery - ansa right hemisphere embolic CVA has resulted in left-sided paralysis and
reduced sensation of the left foot and leg due to this artery being most likely affected by the emboli
antigens on the cell surface - ansantibodies bind to this as the mechanism of action that results in type II
hypersensitivity reactions
antigens, antibodies and lympphocyte surface receptors - ansmolecules that react with components of the
adaptive immune system
antitoxins - ansexotoxins are immunogenic and elicit the production of antibodies known as ______
autonomic hyperreflexia - ansa man who sustained a cervical spinal cord injury two days ago suddenly
develops sever HTN and bradycardia, he reports severe head pain and blurred vision. the most likely
explanation for these sxs is _________________
autonomic hyperreflexia - ansaffected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized by paroxysmal HTN (up to
300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with
flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia
(30-40 beats/min)
autonomic hyperreflexia - ansterm used to describe complications that can result from a spinal cord injury
above T6 that is producing paoxysmal hypertension, as well as piloerection and sweating above the SCI
autonomic hyperreflexia-induced bradycardia - ansthis is a result of stimulation of the carotid sinus to the
vagus nerve to the SA node
bacteria - ansphagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying these
microorganisms
benign tumors - anscells are well differentiated; have a slow growth rate; have a capsule; have slight
vascularization; expansile mode of growth; no ability to metastasize
bradykinins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins - ansthese chemical mediators induce pain during an
inflammatory process
carcinomas - anscancers arising from epithelial cells
causes of conductive hearing loss - ansimpacted cerumen, foreign bodies, benign tumor of middle ear
causes of endotoxic shock - ansproliferation of gram-negative bacteria; once in the blood, endotoxins
cause the release of vasoactive peptides and cytokines, cause decrease oxygen delivery, and produces
subsequent cardiovascular shock.
causing vasodilation around the inflamed area - anschemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process
by ______
CD4+ Th cells - ansAIDS produces a striking decrease in the number of which cells?
CD4+ Th cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells - ansprimary target cells of HIV
cellular immunity - ansT cells undergo differentiation during an immune response and develop into
several subpopulations of cells that react directly with antigen on the surface of infectious agents. some
develop into t-cells that can stimulate activities of other leukocytes; some develop into t-cytotoxic cells
that attack and kill targets directly
cerebrospinal fluid - ansthe body's first response to compensate fora rise in ICP is to first displace ______
_____
chemotactic factor - ansa biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation
chronic pain - ansconstant situation; cause may be unknown; can be sudden or slow onset; duration is
prolonged and persistent; complete relief rarely occurs
complement-mediated cell lysis - answhen mismatched blood is administered causing an ABO
incompatibility, the eyrthrocytes are destroyed by ____________
conditions known to be associated with acquired deficiencies - ansmetabolic disease or genetic
syndromes (alcoholic cirrhois, sickle cell, SLE), environmental agents (UV light, ionizing radiation, chronic
hypoxia), medical treatments (anesthesia, splenectomy)
conductive hearing loss - anssound is not properly conducted from the outer to inner ear. there is an
interference in air conduction that can be caused by foreign body obstructions, tumors, or infection.
can be treated and hearing will generally improve
cortisol - anshelper t1 cells suppress this hormone during a stress response
cortisol - anssecretion of this during stress exerts beneficial effects by inhibiting initial inflammatory
effects; ex: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
cortisol - ansthis hormone increases the formation of glucose form amino acids and free fatty acids
cortisol - ansthis hormone promotes gastric secretion in the gastrointestinal tract
cytokines - ansendotoxins release ______ by macrophages
deafferentation pain - anspainful condition resulting from damage to peripheral nerve; ex: burn pain
caused by cold
delerium - ansacute, sudden onset, common during hospitalization, lasts hours to weeks, agitation,
withdrawn/depression behavior, disoriented thoughts, hallucinations
dementia - anschronic, insidious or gradual onset, slow decline, can lasts months to years, attention and
orientation are often intact early and impaired late
describe chemotactic activity - ansthis activity occurs distal to the inflammation in order to attract
leukocytes from circulation. this activity is required for a much longer period than that of anaphylatoxic
activity
describe the action of phagocytes in inflammation - ans1. opsonization (recognition of the target and
adherence of the phagocyte to it
2. engulfment (ingestion or endocytosis) and formation of phagosome
3. fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte (phagolysosome)
4. destruction of the target
Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms - anstypical first manifestations are numbness, pain,
paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may present in an ascending pattern
difference between guillain-barre syndrome and multiple sclerosis - ansGBS is caused by a recent
bacterial or viral infection; MS is not caused by a previous infection
diffuse brain injuries - ansinclude brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, encephalitis, and damage to
blood vessels
The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral dysfunction: Diabetes
Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
during pregnancy - ansfirst MS event occasionally happens when?
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