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Grade 10 biomolecules
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Grade 10 IEB biomolecules and cell ultrastructure notes.
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Biomolecules 1Organic compounds
• Organic molecules – carbon (c), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) atoms
• Some important organic molecules – nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), iron (Fe) and
others
• Monomers: small molecule
• Molecule/compound that’s made of a single unit & can join with others
• Monomers: molecule that can bond in long chains
• Polymers : long chain, repeated pattern
• Polymer meaning: molecules made up of many individuals units
Chemistry of life
• The cell consists of organic and inorganic compounds
• Elemental analysis of cell shows that it’s made of various elements such as carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen etc.
• All carbon-containing compounds found in living organisms are termed as biomolecules
Biomolecules
• Biomolecules are defined as any organic molecule present in a living
cell
• These include, carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
• Made up of monomers – monosaccharides
• Monosacc. Making up most carbs – glucose
• 2 monosacc. Chemically bonded = disaccharides (e.g. sucrose – made of glucose and
fructose)
• Many monosacc. – polysaccharides (e.g. starch & cellulose, glycogen, chitin)
• Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates (take longer to break down)
• Function:
• Energy storage molecules
• Substrates for energy production
• Release energy
• Simple carbohydrates – high GI
• Glucose – sweet
• Fructose – white powder/crystals
• Sucrose – solubility → transported (not stored)
• Complex carbohydrates – low GI
• Starch – stored in plants (bland)
• Cellulose – white powders
• Chitin and glycogen – solubility: insoluble (stored)
• Monosaccharides
• Glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharides
• Sucrose – glucose + fructose (table sugar)
• Lactose – glucose + galactose
• Trisaccharides
• Raffinose (beans & cabbage) – galactose + glucose + fructose
, Biomolecules 2
• Polysaccharide – 4 monomers
• Starch (glucose)
• Cellulose → long molecule chain
• Glycogen
Lipids
• Made up of C,H,O. group of water insoluble compounds: fats, phospholipids, steroids, oils
• No single common structure
• Triglycerides & phospholipids (most common)
• Triglycerides: glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains (fats and oils)
• Phospholipids: lipids making up cell membranes
• Cholesterol can increase heart disease risk
• Function:
• Energy release – triglycerides are broken down to release glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
• Insulate body organs against shock, maintain body temp
• Role in cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)
• Types of lipids:
• Fats( triglyceride) solid at room temp
• Saturated (animal) and unsaturated (plant)
• Oils ( triglyceride) liquid at room temp
• Plants, fish oils
• Cholesterol ( good – cell mem and nerve func; bad – causes heart disease)
• Steroids:
• Sex hormones, oestrogen and progesterone
Proteins
• Structural composition:
• Proteins are made of C,H,O,N and some have P, S and Fe
• Compounds made of monomers called amino acids
• 20 common amino acids from which all proteins in living organisms are made
• May be referred to as dipeptides, tripeptides, or polypeptides depending on number of amino
acids
• Polypeptides with more than 50 amino acids are known as proteins
• A protein is a long chain of amino acids (bonded by peptide bonds) that may fold into a very
specific tree-dimensional structure
• Function:
• Important building block in plants and animals and play a role in the immune system and in
cell communication
• Enzymes are a type of protein that act as biological catalysts to speed up their reactions
• Enzymes work by a “lock and key” mechanism and are affected by temperature and pH
• Form hormones (chemical messengers)
Nucleic acids
• Structural composition:
• DNA & RNA made up of C H O N P
• Monomers: nucleotides
• Nucleotide made up of: sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base
• Nucleic acids are polymers made up of many nucleotides
• DNA – double stranded polymer [ due to H bonding between nitrogenous base of 2
complementary strands ]
• RNA – single stranded polymer
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