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Samenvatting van alle colleges extra afbeeldingen hersengebieden
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alles staat erin. colleges teruggeluisterd voor de volledigheid.
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Hoorcollege 1 introducton:Experimental set up:
- Reliable
- Valid
- Feasible
- Theoretically sound
- Date friendly
- Ethical
Learning health care system: bridge the gap between research and care in the face of a
rapidly expanding knowledge base.
Hoorcollege 2 Language:
What is language?:
• Speech?
• Objects of language (sentences, words, leters, soundss
• Linguistic levels (phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, syntax, semantics, pragmaticss
• Modalities (comprehension, production || spoken, writens
Importance : communication & neuropsychological testing
Value:
• Theoretical
• Understanding how our brain works
• Understanding how language works
• Application
• Diagnostic
• Therapeutic
Dronkers et al.: It includes the classical language areas (B = Broca's area; W = Wernicke's area) and
the adjoining supramarginal gyrus (Sm), angular gyrus (AG), auditory cortex (A), motor cortex (M),
and somatosensory cortex (Ss). The posterior and anterior components of the implementaton
system, respectiely Wernicke's area and Broca's area, are interconnected by the arcuate fasciculus.
The mediatonal system surrounds the implementaton system like a belt (blue areas). The regions
,identied so far are located in the lef temporal pole (TP), lef inferotemporal cortex (It), and lef
prefrontal cortex (Pf).
Inferior Frontal gyrus speech production (broca, non-fuents
Language comprehension (wernickses
1901 alzheimer disease (auguste Deters
hij schreef over wat er mis is in de taal
semantic problems
Primary progressive aphasie (PPAs: begint klein en wordt steeds erger, eerste 2 jaar vooral
over taal. focal, lef-lateralization neurodegeneration. leads to specifc and distinct
language problems.
( taal is links vooral anders dan andere ziektes waar vaak beide hemisferen betrokken zijns
In progress = apraxia variant, right temporal semantic
variant(4?s:
1. Semantic dementia
2. Non fuent
3. Logopenic
Neuroanatomy language:
Arcute fasciculus (white mater axons communicate
between wernicke and broca.
Almost the entire lef hemisfere is involved in language.
Lateral view zijkant anterior front
Ventral view onder prosterrior back
Medial midden cortical grey mater
Dorsal boven subcorical white mater
Temporal lobe important for semantic
Lef anterior brain networs: syntax
Temporal regions: semantics
Inforior forntal & temporoparietal networks: morphology & phonology.
Occipitotemporal networks: orthography
• Note: even though these regions might represent each aspect’s epicenter, language
networks may involve other regions as well
Cognitive/ neural model of language
Dual stream model:
Ventral stream processes speech signals for comprehension
Dorsal stream maps acoustisc speech signals to frontal lobe articulatory networks
,Central claims of the Dual stream model:
1. Acoustic speech information interfaces with two systems
• Conceptual
• Motor
2. Speech comprehension relies predominantly on the conceptual/memory interface
3. Speech production is sensory-motor and therefore relies on both interfaces
• Strength:
• Neurobiology included
• Fits with (psychoslinguistic models
• “our current best guess as to the neural architecture of these systems”
• Limitations
• Auditory perspective
• Conceptual information?
Spectrotemporal analysis hier komt geluid ons brein in.
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA)
• Language problems relatively isolated for at least 2 years
• Focal, lef-lateralized neurodegeneration leads to specifc and distinct language
problems
To clarify: PPA is diagnosed based on clinical syndrome, not pathology. PPA syndromes difer
in their pathology, but are diagnosed mainly based on behavioral symptoms; mainly on their
language impairments
Atrophy prety focal, so you can look at brain behavior relationship
(B) pathogenic mutation associations with underlying neuropathology
FTLD: 3 clinical subtypes
Beyond PPA: language in dementia & aging:
• Although less severe than these extremes
• language impairments also present in Alzheimer’s disease
• healthy adults difer from young adults as well
• Studying both extreme as well as subtle changes can tell us about brain mechanisms
and the structure of language
, • The beter we understand this complicated domain, the beter our future
applications will be (e.g., early diagnosis, validity of tests, therapys
• Verbal fuency tasks
• Leter fuency = frontal
• Category fuency = temporal
• Primarily based on lesion studies (coarses and adapted versions of the fuency
tasks in functional neuroimaging (mixture of regionss
• No evidence from structural neuroimaging in healthy individuals
• Aim: Defne the cortical structural correlates of leter and category fuency
• Leter fuency: inferior frontal, and medial and insular temporal regions
• Category fuency: large network including frontal as well as posterior temporal and
inferior parietal regions
Distinctive cortical signatures for leter fuency, primarily in frontal regions, and category
fuency, in frontal and temporal-parietal regions
• Statistically compared category and leter fuency at neuroanatomical level
• Goes beyond coarse frontal-temporal distinction in lesion studies/mixture of
regions in modifed fuency in functional neuroimaging
• Potential clinical applications + beter insight in cortical organization
• Language plays a big role in neuropsychological testing
• There is a strong language-brain relatonship
• Localized damage results in specifc language impairment
• Use the dual-stream model + neuroanatomy of language to guide in diagnosis
Hoorcollege 3 social cogniton
Social cognition: how do humans understand each other? oow do humans make moral
decisions?
Social cognition is afected in:
Schizophrenia
Autism
Psychopathy
Alzhiemer disease
Behavorial variant frontotemporal dementia
From basic to more complex:
Emotional contagion (mirror and shares (automatically and shares empathy
Perspective taking (mentalizes empathy
Reciprocity/ fairness & trust
Morality
Mirror neurons so you can understand someone beter empathy
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