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Summary Nuclear energy notes
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Key concepts of unit 3 A2 physics
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E=ΔMC² BINDING ENERGY Ife 578b¥ Right - fission(= 3.00×108 ms-I - speed of light in vacuum • energy required to completely Mmmmm "stable region Elements cannot yield energy
Am = mass difference = Mg - Mi (kg) separate a nucleus into its through fusion as binding energy
fission
or change in mass constituents. (pth) If:& per nucleon will decrease
14- 931 MeV mass defect = difference between mass fusion Left = fusion
4 = 1-66 × 10-27kg of a completely separated nucleus and Elements cannot yeild energy
the nucleus itself. nucleon number A throught fission as binding
ELECTRON POSITRON ANNILATION binding energy per nucleon: energy per nucleon will decrease
↳ at rest minimum energy required to remove a Fusion can release a lot more energy
8 et e- was nucleon from the nucleus. as binding energy difference for lighter
An electron positron pair annilate each other ↳ To find this nuclei is bigger.
and produce 2 gamma ray photons. E- MC² KEY IDEAS:
Find frequency of one photon: per nucleon → E = ΔMC² • The most stable nuclei, iron, has the largest
AE = Δmc² mass of electron = 9.11×10-31 number of nuct eons- binding energy per nucleon.
Am = 2×9.11×10-31 • positron + electron have same •• In fusion, smaller atoms fuse together to
DE = 1- 822×10-30×(3.00×108)? mass but opposite charge. NUCLEAR FUSION make larger nuclei. The products will
DE = 1-6398×10-13 • when 2 lighter nuclei combine have a larger binding energy so are
↳ energy of 2 photons producing 1 heavy nucleus more stable. This process loses mass
÷ 2 = 8.2×10-14 J by releasing energy.
-
If Eihf , f -E h-planck constant - • In fission, larger atoms split into smaller
= 6-63 × 10-34 NUCLEAR FISSION nuclei. The products have a larger binding
f = 8-2×10-14 • when a heavy nucleus splits into energy and are more stable. This process
6- 63×10-34 If looking for wave 2 Lighter nuclei. loses mass by releasing energy.
f = 1-24×102 Hz length use E=hg
BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON CALCULATION: Beta B: a fast moving electron
§ Be if mass of nucleus is 1-329×10-26 kg ALPHA α: A helium nucleus {He Bt or B- (#B)
Proton mass = 1.673×10-27kg • short range in air stopped by a few mm of aluminium
Neutron mass = 1-675×10-27kg • stopped by a few sheets of pape longer range in air than alpha
E=ΔMC² • highly ionising less ionising than alpha but more than 8
① Work out how many pth? • dangerous if inhaled
Up + Un Background Radiation:
{Be ((also 4e)
Gamma 8: Part of EM spectrum • sun/rock/cosmic rays
mass difference: - reduced by thicki Leaed or concrete via x-rays, nuclear power stations
• Least ionising nuclear weapons.
"4" 1%73%1%-27) + 4 ✗ (1-675×10-27) • highly penetrative
= 1 - 3392×10-26 • can travel through metal so a good Radioactive waste needs to be
mass of nucleus detector to use. stored securely to ensure no expose
= 1.329×10-26 • Externally dangerous if exposed too to humans.
mass of ptn - mass of nucleus
1. 3392×10-26 - 1.329×10-26
= 1.02×10-28
E=ΔMC²
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