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AQA A level psychology - approaches
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, ApproachesOrigins of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental psychology experiment, he separated
philosophy and psychology. Using a reductionist approach, Wundt used methods
such as introspection to uncover what people are thinking and experiencing
Introspection is a method which involves analysing your thoughts and feelings.
The behaviouristapproach
Basic assumption- All behaviour is learnt from experience as we are born a blank
slate, everything we become is shaped by the process of learning from our
environment.
Classical conditioning
When 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together, learning by association.
Pavlov’s dogs
Before conditioning
Bell Neutral =
Stimulus ->
No
response
food unconditional stimulus -
Salivation unconditional Response
During conditioning This shows how a new learning
food (ucs) Ben +
(Ns) -> Salivation:UCR has taken place and the neutral
Paired
-
stimulus now elicits a response
together several time
without the ucs being present
After
conditioning
Ben=
conditioning Salivation:
Stimulus conditioning response
-
Watson and Raynar
Little Albert developed a fear of white rats after associating them with a loud bang.
Operant conditioning
A form of learning which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences
Punishment- A consequence that weakens the behaviour
Reinforcement- A consequence that strengthens the behaviour
Positive reinforcement- receiving a reward when a certain desired behaviour is
performed.
Negative reinforcement- the removal of an unpleasant reinforcement can also
strengthen behaviour.
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