Exam 1: NR283 / NR 283 (Latest 2024/2025 Update) Pathophysiology Review with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct | Grade A-Chamberlain

Exam 1: NR283 / NR 283 (Latest 2024/2025 Update) Pathophysiology Review with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct | Grade A-Chamberlain Q: Which solutions cause a cell to swell? Answer: hypotonic solution Q: isotonic solution Answer: to a proportionate loss of fluid and electrolytes Q: hypotonic solution Answer: cell swells Q: Define Third-Spacing. What causes this? Answer: -movement of fluid out of the vas- cular compartment into a body cavity or tissue where it cannot circulate Q: Define the normal ranges for ABG's: a) pCO2 b)HCO3 c)pH Answer: a) pCO2: 35-45 b)HCO3: 22-26 c)pH: 7.35-7.45 Q: Be able to identify metabolic/respiratory acidosis/alkalosis Answer: Respiratory acidosis: Increase in carbon dioxide levels Metabolic acidosis: Decrease in bicarbonate ions Respiratory alkalosis: Decrease in carbon dioxide levels Metabolic alkalosis: Loss of hydrogen ions; increase in bicarbonate ion Q: What body functions help to maintain fluid balance? Answer: Thirst Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Aldosterone Electrolytes Q: Define the normal ranges for electrolyte levels : a)Sodium b) Potassium c) Calcium Answer: a)Sodium: 135-145 b) Potassium: 3.5-5.0 c) Calcium: 9-10.5 Q: What is the function of ADH? How does this affect urine output? Answer: -controls the amount of fluid leaving the body in the urine -helps regulate the amount of water in your body -control the amount of water your kidneys reabsorb as they filter out waste from your blood Q: What is the function of Aldosterone? How does this affect urine output?- Answer: -reabsorption of both sodium ions and water from the kidney tubules -these hormones conserve more fluid when there is a fluid deficit in the body -can increase the amount of potassium released in the urine Q: Define : In which will you see inflammation? a)Apoptosis b)Necrosis Answer: a)Apoptosis: Programmed cell death. b)Necrosis: Group of cells die and cause further damage due to cellular disintegra- tion -Trigger inflammatory response Q: Define gangrene and its types: Give examples a) Wet gangrene b) Dry gangrene c) Gas gangrene Answer: -necrotic tissue infected by bacteria; lack or loss of blood supply -wet: liquefaction causing the tissue to become cold, swollen, and black; Ex: lique- factive necrosis -dry: coagulative necrosis in which the tissue dries, shrinks, and blackens; Ex: coagulative necrosis -gas: buildup of gases within tissue and further reduces blood supply; Ex: clostridium Q: What is Edema? What are the manifestations of Edema? What can cause it? Answer: -excessive amount of fluid in the i