Changes and Reforms Albert Exam 57 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT

Changes and Reforms Albert Exam 57 Questions with Verified Answers a - CORRECT ANSWER Guizot thinks that the history of France's changes in government is progressive. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. ancien regime (absolute monarchy) 2. empire 3. conservative restoration (conservative monarchy) 4. constitutional monarchy - CORRECT ANSWER By 'order and liberty' Guizot means the rule of law and the security of private property, on the one hand, and freedom of the press, of association, of religion, and of all speech on the other, all guaranteed by the constitution that would bind everyone in France, including the king. - CORRECT ANSWER The emancipation of Russia's serfs, proclaimed by Tsar Alexander II in 1861. - CORRECT ANSWER "inborn good nature and softness" - CORRECT ANSWER Kropotkin shows that, economically, the peasants situation was precarious, as they were forced to accept "ruinous charges" in order to buy their own freedom, but that socially, materially, and emotionally, the peasants situation had drastically improved, as they were now able to behave as equals to their masters, who now had no power over them. - CORRECT ANSWER Russia (the bear) is attacking the beehive (the Caucasus region) and the bees (the Allies) are flying out to protect themselves from the bear. - CORRECT ANSWER The Concert of Europe. - CORRECT ANSWER Austria and Prussia - CORRECT ANSWER "impatience against that which existed" - CORRECT ANSWER their methods were very different even though middle-class revolutionaries and peasants had similar political and social goals in - CORRECT ANSWER Lamartine describes the bourgeoisie- the middle class- and the working class. According to him, the bourgeoisie are likely to be university students, businessmen, journalists, and army officers, while the working classes worked in factories with their hands. - CORRECT ANSWER His family name. - CORRECT ANSWER an alliance of Catholics and monarchists - CORRECT ANSWER He overthrew his own republican government and proclaimed himself emperor of France. - CORRECT ANSWER Traffic, pollution, slum housing, inequality, selfishness, anonymity. - CORRECT ANSWER The Industrial Revolution. - CORRECT ANSWER Workers would rotate through a number of different jobs each day. - CORRECT ANSWER Fourier's vision of the Phalanxes can be termed as 'utopian socialism' because it combined a utopian vision of a completely harmonious and peaceful society with a socialist emphasis on equality: all would work freely, without heirarchy, for the good of the community. - CORRECT ANSWER Engels argues that industrial capitalism has produced a class of people who are poverty-stricken, living deeply unstable lives in squalor. Engels supports his arguments by describing the conditions of the workers in vivid and hyperbolic terms, highlighting how they are dressed in rags, close to starvation, and living in filthy, tumbledown housing. - CORRECT ANSWER Engels argues that the social relations of the inhabitants of large cities are poor because the sheer mass of people and the inequality that stratifies them makes it impossible to build meaningful relationships. Mass urbanization is a problem not only because of these poor social relations, but also because of the squalid living conditions of the poorest inhabitants. - CORRECT ANSWER London's size reduces everyone to selfish anonymity. The noise, crowds, pollution, poverty, and inequality are all so shocking that there is something "repulsive" about them. - CORRECT ANSWER The Industrial Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER Russia's Bolshevik revolution led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and the Russian Communist Party in 1917-18 - CORRECT ANSWER Utopian socialism - CORRECT ANSWER Industrialism - CORRECT ANSWER By "right to a minimum", Charles Fourier is articulating the statement that everyone has the right to sufficient food, clothing, shelter, and fuel to ensure that he does not parish from the lack of those very basic goods. - CORRECT ANSWER Oastler portrays the mill workers as stuck in miserable poverty, so poor that they cannot afford to eat properly, their employers have complete power over them. Oastler is very sympathetic to them because they are victims of a terrible system. - CORRECT ANSWER To protest the bad pay and poverty of the workforce - CORRECT ANSWER Oastler is referring to the working class, middle class, and the industrial capitalist class. - CORRECT ANSWER Jean-Jacques Rousseau - CORRECT ANSWER Liberalism holds that all people are responsible for their own behavior and the state should trust them to act in their own best interests. Smiles' argument is liberal because he argues that the working class will not be able to improve their situation until they take responsibility for their own behavior and try to improve themselves. - CORRECT ANSWER Trade unionists - CORRECT ANSWER Negative - CORRECT ANSWER The assassination of Czar Alexander II - CORRECT ANSWER Stanford argues that women now command respect thanks to their individual qualities. It is therefore in everyone's best interests to treat women well because that improves home life, and thus society at large. - CORRECT ANSWER The enforcement of traditional gender norms, which moved most to create stricter separate spheres for the sexes. - CORRECT ANSWER An unstable increase in population and mass starvation. - CORRECT ANSWER The check on early marriages is the inability to support a family, driven by and absolute lack of food, or the anticipation of a food shortage. - CORRECT ANSWER How high a population can grow is constrained by the amount of food that can be produced to sustain it. No human population has avoided the 'check' of not having enough food or fearing not having enough food. - CORRECT ANSWER Mann is discussing Britain's position as the leading exporter of cotton textile goods, for which it dominated the global market so completely that almost everywhere was forced to purchase them. Mann sees Britain's industrial development as a process of increasing global power that has misaligned British industry and made it focus too heavily on export goods. - CORRECT ANSWER Both criticized international imperialism. - CORRECT ANSWER The Labour Party worked within the capitalist system. - CORRECT ANSWER Mass democracy: universal or close to universal suffrage at least for men; national political programs - CORRECT ANSWER Liberal: 1,3,5 Socialist: 2,4,6,7,8,9 - CORRECT ANSWER The divide in international socialism movement between revisionist socialism and revolutionary marxism. - CORRECT ANSWER According to Engels, the proletariat "have no property whatsoever of their own and live wholly upon wages." - CORRECT ANSWER Wealthy landowners in England increased their holdings; poor villagers farmed small rented fields or used common lands found themselves homeless and jobless because they could not purchase their rented land. - CORRECT ANSWER The Inclosure Act allowed people who occupied land that many people used ("common land") to 'improve' it by enclosing and draining it. - CORRECT ANSWER Liberalism - CORRECT ANSWER The Restoration promised a return to the pre-1789 days of absolute monarchy, of arbitrary power, and no equal rights. Liberalism was less attractive because of its resistance to arbitrary power and privilege, and its insistence on equality and freedom. - CORRECT ANSWER Britain's Second Reform Act of 1867 granted the right to vote to over 1 million working-class men. - CORRECT ANSWER The 19th century focused on the creation of an education system for the elite. - CORRECT ANSWER Great Britain, France, Imperial Germany, and Italy - CORRECT ANSWER An educated elite who shared values, attitudes, beliefs, goals, and culture, was thought by 19th century policy-makers to be key to building the nation-state, because they would be able to transmit that shared culture to thee rest of the population. - CORRECT ANSWER Bismarck's proposal was radical because it dispensed with the idea that poor people only deserved charity, and that anything more than preventing them from starving was too generous. Bismarck outlined a vision of welfare that would provide independence and self-respect, a reversal of centuries of thinking over welfare. - CORRECT ANSWER Benjamin Disraeli's ministry