These are notes from my Human Anatomy class from nursing! They include 6 chapters of full detailed notes that include pictures and diagrams! Chapters include: Intro to Human Anatomy, Tissues, Integumentary System, Bone Tissue, Joints and much more! This document is 59 pages and is what helped me p...
Test Bank for Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 15th Edition by Tortora
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MacEwan University (
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Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Human Anatomy (HLSC120)
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Chapter 1: Intro to the Human Body
• Anatomy is the study of structures and the relationship among them
▪ Dissection is a way to study anatomy- cut apart to see
▪ Physiology deals with functions of the body and the relationships between
body parts (how they work)
• Anatomy is related to physiology
▪ Ex. Tight connections between bones of the skull protect the brain
Branches of Anatomy:
• Embryology- first 8 weeks of development
• Developmental Biology- growth from fertilization till death
• Cell Biology- cellular structures and functions
• Histology- microscopic structure of the tissue
• Sectional Anatomy- internal structures and the relationships through use of
sections
• Systemic Anatomy- structures of specific systems ex. Nervous
• Regional Anatomy- specific regions of the body ex. Chest
• Surface Anatomy- surface markings to understand deep or internal anatomy
• Imaging Anatomy- internal structures visualized with x-rays, CT scans, MRI, etc.
• Pathological Anatomy- changes associated with the disease (gross → microscopic)
Levels of Body Organization:
1) Chemical Level: consists of atoms (smallest units of matter) and molecules
(2 or more atoms joined)
2) Cellular Level: molecules combine to form cells
3) Tissue Level: made up of tissues which are groups of cells and materials that
work together to perform a particular function
4) Organ Level: different types of tissue are joined together, organs are
structures composed of 2 or more different types of tissue and have a specific
function and shape
5) System Level: consists of related organs with a common function; there are
11 systems
6) Organismal Level: all the parts of the human body functioning together
Human Body Systems:
Integumentary System:
• Components:
o Skin and associated structures
o Hair
o Fingernails
o Toenails
, o Sweat and oil glands
o Subcutaneous layer
• Functions:
o Protects body
o Regulate body temperature
o Detects sensation
o Stores fat / provide insulation
o Eliminates some waste and helps produce vitamin D
Skeletal System:
• Components:
o Bones
o Joints
o Cartilages
• Functions:
o Supports and protects body
o Maintain posture and aids body movement
Muscular System:
• Components:
o Skeletal muscle tissue (muscle attached to bone)
o Other muscle tissue is smooth and cardiac
• Functions:
o Participates in body movements
o Maintains posture and produces heat
Cardiovascular System:
• Components:
o Blood
o Blood vessels
o Heart
• Functions:
o Heart pumps blood through vessels
o Carries nutrients and oxygen to cells
Lymphatic System:
• Components
o Lymphatic fluid
o Lymphatic vessels
o Spleen
o Thymus
o Lymph nodes
o Tonsils
o B cells, t cells, and other (carry out immune responses)
• Functions:
, o Return protein and fluids to blood
o Site of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells (protect
against pathogens)
Nervous System:
• Components:
o Brain
o Spinal cord
o Nerves
o Special sense organs (eyes and ears)
• Functions:
o Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body
activities
o Detects internal/external changes, interprets, and responds by
muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Endocrine System:
• Components:
o Hormone producing glands
o Hormone producing cells
• Functions:
o Regulates body activities by releasing hormones
o Chemical messengers transported by blood to target organ
Respiratory System:
• Components:
o Lungs
o Pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and
bronchial tubes
• Functions:
o Gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen)
Digestive System:
• Components:
o Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
and anus
• Functions:
o Physical and chemical breakdown of food
o Absorbs nutrients from food
o Eliminates solid waste
Urinary System:
• Components:
o Kidneys
o Ureters
, o Urinary bladder
o Urethra
• Functions:
o Produce, store and eliminate urine
o Gets rid of toxins
Reproductive System:
• Components:
o Gonads (testes and ovaries)
o Associated organs (uterine/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina,
epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, ductus deferens, penis)
• Functions:
o Produce new humans (gonads produce gametes)
o Gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other
processes
Anatomical Positions:
• Standard position of reference for the description of anatomical structures:
o Stand erect facing observer
o Head level and eyes facing directly forward
o Lower limbs parallel and feet flat on floor
o Upper limbs to side, palms facing forward
• Body is upright in anatomical position
o Prone position= body lying face down
o Supine position= body lying face up
Planes and Sections:
• Frontal/Coronal Plane- divides the body/organ into the front and back
portions
• Sagittal Plane- vertical plane that divides body/organ into the right and left
sides
o Midsagittal Plane- passes through the midline of body and divides into
equal right and left sides
o Parasagittal Plane- does not pass through midline and creates unequal
right and left sides
• Traverse Plane- divides body/organ into upper and lower portions; is also
called cross-sectional or horizontal plane
• Oblique Plane- passes through body/organ at oblique angle; any angle other
than 90 degrees
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