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CRI2601 Exam pack 2024(Questions and answers)
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CRI2601 EXAM PACK2024
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
FOR ASSISTANCE CONTACT
EMAIL:gabrielmusyoka940@gmail.com
, lOMoAR cPSD| 24668432
Question 1
A GIS is a computer system that is used to capture, manage, integrate and
manipulate data is very useful in policing to know the areas with high crime
rates. It is used as an effective tool in crime investigation and prevention
and there are ample cases that have demonstrated the value of GIS in
solving crimes. For example, many murder cases were solved by the police
tracking cellphones used by victims. Legal framework should be complied
with to ensure that the use of GPS for surveillance and evidence gathering
involves a legal issue related to protection of privacy.
The technique is to predict an unknown criminal's most probable residence area by
analysing the geographic locations of a linked series of crimes. Its theoretical foundation
is the well-established finding of distance decay behaviour on a criminal's
journey to crime. In other words, an offender commits most offenses fairly close to
home, and the proportion of offenses committed decreases with increasing distance. In
addition, the criminal also tries to avoid committing crimes too close to home, within a
mental ‘buffer zone’. Geographic profiling is usually applied to the
analysis of
series/repeated crimes because data volume is critical for its success. It is
intended to be used in combination with other information and investigative
techniques, to prioritise leads or direct the geographic focus of an
investigation.
GIS helps law enforcement agencies to identify potential suspects, increase investigators,
increase crime prevention officers as well as assist in developing crime prevention strategies, and
may focus on the following aspects:
Identify clusters of events (hotspots)
, lOMoAR cPSD| 24668432
Crime information systems such as GIS identify areas that contain dense clusters of events
(hotspots). These high concentration areas usually demand special police
attention. For example, GIS allows an analyst to identify all of the areas in a police
station area where at least five robberies have occurred within a 1 km radius (Osborne
& Wernicke 2003:30). These areas are then outlined on the map. Using GIS to identify
hotspots provides a consistent method to measure concentrations of criminal events
over time. Hotspots of violent crime, robbery, residential burglary, commercial burglary,
car theft, rape, etc. can be calculated every month for each police station area. By so
doing, the police are able to enforce the law.
Compare locations of hotspots across time
Crime hotspots that have been identified over several months can be displayed at the same
time. This allows for the identification of areas with chronic problems and indicates
the direction in which a particular crime may be shifting. These types of maps can also be used
to solicit resources for an area from other public and/or private agencies.
Compare hotspots of different crime types
Hotspots of different types of offences can be displayed to identify where they overlap.
For instance, residential burglary hotspots can be displayed along with robbery
hotspots to discover where they overlap (Boyd 2001:24). A more detailed analysis of
these intersecting areas can then be performed. All this information assists the police to
enforce the law.
Investigation of serial offences
The home addresses, work addresses and places frequented by victims and suspects of
serial offences can be displayed (Osborne & Wernicke 2003:40). When details of both
suspects and victims are viewed in this manner, intersections between the two can be seen.
The spatial patterns of less serious offences that often lead to more serious crimes can
be examined. This is especially important since serial rapists and paedophiles
often begin their criminal careers by committing other offences such as peeping tom
incidents, indecent exposure, or residential burglaries.
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