Class notes

biological approach to understanding human behaviour

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Course
Forensic Psychology

Institution
Leeds Trinity University

3 lessons worth of work including information about addictions, biological perspectives and cortical lateralisation. 8 pages full of information including lots of statistics, facts and important information.

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Uploaded on March 26, 2024
Number of pages 5
Written in 2023/2024
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Dr michelle
Contains All classes

addictions
biological appraoch
human behaviour
biological perspectives
cortical lateralisation

Institution
Leeds Trinity University
Education Unknown
Course
Forensic Psychology

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Addiction

Types of addiction:

Shopping.

Gambling.

Alcohol.

Drugs.

Communications between neurons:

 Transmission of information between neurons relies on chemical signals released and
received at the synapse- drugs affect this process.

Neurotransmitter receptors:

 Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released from presynaptic neuron at synapses.
 Neurotransmitter receptors on postsynaptic membrane are specific to different types of
neurotransmitters.
 Lock and key mechanism.
 Presence of neurotransmitter unlocks and activates the receptor.

Drugs also fit the lock:

 Agonists:
 Drugs that mimics or increases the actions of the transmitters.
 doesn’t mean excitation as some transmitters are inhibitory.
 Antagonists:
 Drugs that block or decrease the actions of the transmitters.
 Doesn’t mean inhibition as some transmitters are excitatory.

Drugs affect neurotransmission:

 Presynaptic processes:
 1- Transmitter production.
 2 -Transmitter release.
 3- Transmitter clearance.
 Postsynaptic processes:
 4- Transmitter receptors.
 5- Cellular processes.

Transmitter production:

 Prevent or reduce production of neurotransmitters by:
 Blocking transmission of raw materials required for neurotransmitter production down the
axon.
 Prevent the storage of neurotransmitter within the vesicles.

Transmitter release:

 Increase, decrease or stop neurotransmitter released by:

,  Altering amount of neurotransmitter released.
 Altering presynaptic detection of neurotransmitter release.

Transmitter clearance:

 Changing the rate at which neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft by:
 Preventing reuptake of neurotransmitter into presynaptic membranes.
 Blocking enzymes that degrade leftover neurotransmitter.

Transmitter receptors:

 Hijacking neurotransmitter receptors by acting as:
 Agonists:
 Receptors are activated.
 LSD activates serotonin receptors in visual cortex causing hallucinations.
 Antagonists:
 Receptors are blocked.

Cellular processes:

 Altering postsynaptic cellular processes by:
 Altering the number of postsynaptic receptors.
 Upregulation-= increased sensitivity.
 Downregulation= decreased sensitivity.

Dopamine:

 Meslstriatal pathway:
 Originated in substance nigra of midbrain and is important for motor control.
 Mesolimbic pathway:
 Originates in ventral tegmental area and is important for motivation and reward.

Opioid peptides:

 Endogenous opioids:
 Enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins.
 Important for reducing perception of pain and producing feelings of pleasure.

Serotonin:

 Pathways originate from midbrain and brainstem in the raphe nuclei.
 Important for control of mood, vision, sexual behaviour, anxiety and sleep.

Norepinephrine:

 Pathways originate from midbrain and brainstem in the locus coeruleus and lateral
tegmental area.
 Important for control of alertness, mood, and sexual behaviour.

Functional classes of drugs:

 Drugs that relieve severe symptoms:
 Antipsychotics.
 Antidepressants.
 Anxiolytics.

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