This document covers the cell biology of the neuron lecture. From endoplasmic reticulum to lysosome functions, also including cell types of the nervous system and a summary of action potentials.
1- THE CELL BIOLOGY OF THE NEURON
Sunday, 1 October 2023 14:57
Eukaryotic cell- mammals
Mitochondria - produce ATP to be used by other organelles
NUCLEUS
Nuclear envelope: isolates nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear matrix: network for mechanical support
Holds the cells genome in the form of DNA within chromosomes
Controls gene expression
Nuclear pores -- entry and exit of molecules
Nucleolus - where ribosomes are produced, which are then exported to the
cytoplasm to play a role in transation.
Gene expression
Transcription (DNA --> pre-mRNA) and RNA splicing (red (exons)and green
(introns) (pre-RNA --> mature mRNA) happens in nucleus
RNA splicing - removal of introns (mature mRNA)
RNA transport
From nucleus to the cytoplasm
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough and smooth ER
Ribosomes get produced in the nucleolus, then move into the rough ER, where
they will be stored
ER and Golgi are crucial for proteins to go their final destination
GOLGI APPARATUS
Packages the proteins into membrane-bound vesicles
Vesicles then bud off to their final destination
LYSOSOME
Degrade and recycle cellular waste
Optimal pH of 5 for hydrolytic enzymes.-- which break down biomolecules
Authophagy - digewtion of intracellular material
, Vesicles then bud off to their final destination
LYSOSOME
Degrade and recycle cellular waste
Optimal pH of 5 for hydrolytic enzymes.-- which break down biomolecules
Authophagy - digewtion of intracellular material
Endocytosis - digestion of extracellullar material
Lysosomal storage disorders -- cause neurodegenerative disease such as
Parkisons
MITOCHONDRIA
Produce ATP for the cell
Signalling, cellular differentiation and cell death
Dysfunction lead to neurodegenerative disease - PD, Alzheimers…
Has its own genome - mtDNA
People who have mutations in mtDNA have disorders
Outer membrane: membrane proteins called porins for transport in out
Intermembrane space
Inner mito membrane: highly impermeable
Cristae: increase surface area
CYTOSKELETON
Segragates parts ofg the neuron in ordeer to carry out its function
Plasma membrane
Separates the cell
Lipid bilayer which is semipermeable
Regulates transport in out of the cell
Hydrophobic barrier
Hydrophilic heads
Passive diffusion, active transport, endo/exocytosis
Endocytosis
Active transport
Mateerial is engulfed and then buds off into the vesicle inde the cell
Phagocytosis- cell eating
Pinocytosis - cell drinking
Receptor mediated - for large molecules (hormones etc.)
Endocytic pathway
Endosomes - role of sorting
Exocytosis
Material exited out the cell
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