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Samenvatting Q2
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Samenvatting van MGZ Jaar 1 Kwartaal 2 Nature Nurture. Bevat elke module en is een samenvatting van e-learnings, ZSO's, HC's, WG'en en TBL's.
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By: pekingeend • 5 year ago
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Samenvatting MGZ Q21
,Inhoudsopgave
De Gezonde Cel ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Celorganellen ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Membranen ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Microscopie ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Celvorm ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Genexpressie ........................................................................................................................................ 12
DNA bouw en chromatinestructuur ................................................................................................. 12
Genstructuur en transcriptie ............................................................................................................ 18
RNA-processing en transport............................................................................................................ 21
Translatie .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Eiwitrouting ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Opdrachten ....................................................................................................................................... 33
Cellulaire Besluitvorming ...................................................................................................................... 36
Cellulaire Communicatie................................................................................................................... 36
Nucleaire hormoon receptor-signalering ..................................................................................... 37
Ionkanalen .................................................................................................................................... 40
G-eiwit-gekoppelde receptoren ................................................................................................... 41
Enzymgekoppelde receptoren ...................................................................................................... 45
Cellulaire besluiten ........................................................................................................................... 49
Celdeling ....................................................................................................................................... 49
DNA-replicatie .............................................................................................................................. 51
Stamcellen en weefselaanleg ....................................................................................................... 56
Differentiaties ............................................................................................................................... 58
DNA schadeherstel ....................................................................................................................... 60
Genetica................................................................................................................................................ 66
Genetica............................................................................................................................................ 66
Afwijkingen DNA nucleotides (kan leiden tot afwijkende eiwitten) ................................................. 66
Chromosomale afwijkingen .............................................................................................................. 67
Opsporingstechnieken ...................................................................................................................... 70
Notatie .............................................................................................................................................. 71
Populatiegenetica ............................................................................................................................. 72
Basisbegrippen ............................................................................................................................. 72
Variatie in genetische variatie ...................................................................................................... 72
Evolutionaire processen ............................................................................................................... 72
2
, Extra .............................................................................................................................................. 74
Cel naar Weefsel ................................................................................................................................... 77
Embryologie ...................................................................................................................................... 77
Periode van het conceptus (eicel) (0-2 weken): (pre-embryonale fase) ...................................... 77
Bevruchting t/m implantatie ........................................................................................................ 79
3-lagige kiemschijf ........................................................................................................................ 82
Krommingen en buis-in-buis bouwplan ........................................................................................ 83
Overzicht....................................................................................................................................... 88
Neurulatie ..................................................................................................................................... 89
Segmentatie. ................................................................................................................................. 91
Het spijsverteringskanaal.............................................................................................................. 92
De neurale lijst cellen ................................................................................................................... 95
Basale ontwikkelingsconcepten.................................................................................................... 96
Stamcellen ........................................................................................................................................ 97
Epitheel ............................................................................................................................................. 99
Bindweefsel .................................................................................................................................... 108
Kraakbeen ....................................................................................................................................... 112
Botweefsel ...................................................................................................................................... 116
Extracellulaire matrix ...................................................................................................................... 125
Aandoeningen ................................................................................................................................ 128
Gedrag en Gezondheid ....................................................................................................................... 131
Algemene concepten van gezondheid en gedrag ........................................................................... 131
Stress .............................................................................................................................................. 132
Symptoomperceptiemodel ............................................................................................................. 134
Gedragsverandering ....................................................................................................................... 135
Hersenen en Gedrag ....................................................................................................................... 138
Maatschappij en Gezondheid ............................................................................................................. 142
Gedrag en Maatschappij................................................................................................................. 142
Maatschappij en Gezondheid ......................................................................................................... 145
Socialisatie, Cultuur en Gedrag....................................................................................................... 147
Sociale stratificatie ......................................................................................................................... 150
3
, De Gezonde Cel
Celorganellen
Eiwitten vertegenwoordigen transportsystemen à kleine ongeladen moleculen water diffunderen er
doorheen. Groter moleculen (K, Na Cl, glucose) en geladen door actief transport.
Cellen reageren op omgeving, maar ook op elkaar.
Hormonen à
- Steroid, testosteron, oestrogeen. Lipideà door membraan en in cel receptor
- Grotere geladen moleculen (adrenaline, insuline), binden aan buitenkant, veranderen
membraan en geven signaal door aan second messenger.
- Eiwitten aan buitenkant cellen, met membraan verbonden of via een lipiden of door
integraal (aantal keer door membraan geweest), kunnen met elkaar interactie aangaan met
andere cellen of hormonen en siganlen doorgeven aan cel.
Kernmembraan zitten ook openingen in. Kan gemanipuleerd worden. Steroidreceptor kan
kernmembraan passeren en op DNA werken (inhiberend activerende transcriptiefactor).
Vrije ribosomenà Het is niet eenvoudig om op een TEM-opname onderscheid
te maken tussen vrije ribosomen en glycogeen. Glycogeen is iets dichter op
elkaar gepakt dan de ribosomen. Glycogeen ligt meer in druiventrosjes.
ERà synthese, opslag en verdeling.
RERà ribosomen erop die eiwitten maken
SERà vervoerd eiwitten en vetten naar celorganellen of extracellulair, bevat
enzymen die lipide synthese mogelijk maken.
GOLGI-systeemà transport, verdeling en secretie, verpakt producten van ER. De onderzijde van het
Golgiapparaat noemen we de cis-zijde en de bovenkant is de trans-zijde. Van de trans-zijde snoeren
telkens blaasjes af die dan naar het celmembraan gaan, om vandaaruit naar de ECM te gaan. De
vesikels met inhoud kunnen ook lysosomen vormen en dan blijven ze dus in de cel. Gereguleerde
secretie wil zeggen dat de stof alleen maar afgegeven wordt, als daar een prikkel voor komt, dus als
je lichaam daar echt behoefte aan heeft. Constitutieve secretie houdt in dat als het eiwit gevormd is,
het meteen afgegeven wordt, het wordt dus niet opgeslagen. Er is voor constitutieve secretie dus
ook geen prikkel nodig. Dit is een continu proces.
4
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