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Colleges of Jan Kleinnijenhuis school year 2018 Explanation of articles and graphics
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News Impact in the Digital AgeHC.1 News impact on citizenship in a digital age: what is meant?
Politics and media are intertwined; e.g. Trump. But also by press-conferences, debates etc. so that
journalists know for sure to get information for the news, and in return the politicians get a lot of
publicity.
Types of effects on citizenship:
1. Effects on whom?
- Effects on consumers (just consuming the news) / citizens (whom can be aware) / voters
(effect on what they choose
- Effects on stakeholders (whom are in the news, have things at stake when published)
Sources (have an interest, but story also does something to the source e.g. you become
famous due to message on social media)
2. Effects upon what:
- Selective attention:
Media choice (topics of the news have an effect on media choice), program choice, item
choice or article choice
Reading time, watching time, surfing time & click behavior
- Knowledge and cognitions (do people understand the world they live in)
- Attitudes & beliefs/beeldvorming
- Preferences/intentions/behavior
- Private speech (as result of the news people speak about certain topics), public speech
including public silence
Types of effects: heterogeneity
- Differential (mean/fixed) effects, but in one direction on the average
o Mean effect (fixed effect)
o Random variation of the effect per news consumer
o Total effect = the fixed effect + the random effect per individual
- Same effect on all of the news consumers
- Differential effects on each news consumer
Types of effects → whose goals are they?
- Goals as intended by the sender; goal of making a good image as intended can turn
against you through the media → boomerang effect
- Unforeseen side effect:
o Could also be intended by stakeholders / Sources; instead of getting information
through a source as a journalist you could be a messenger FOR the source.
o True side effect > are unexpected
History of media and the news
- (50.000 BC) Language; as human beings we can transcend the here and now; associate
and talk; language can transcend to imaginations of things we haven’t seen before
, - Grammar; has the facility to make a difference between the object and subject of
sentence; as long as a sentence is structured well, we’ll try to make an real world
imagination of it → river = red, you imagine red water; think about murder
- (10.000 BC) Scripts; on stones, mathematics on paper & deal with numbers; for
agriculture/traders & rulers ( = economics & politics)
- (500 – 146 BC) Metacommunication; started with the Greeks:
o Also makers of political theatres; imagining the difficulties of the society
o Semantics; signs/symbols
o Grammar; subject, predicate or objects
o Logic was also invented;
▪ Implicit; tell them what is right
▪ explicit conclusions; make them think they decided themselves what is
right
▪ 2 types of negations: central in every language
not the case – a religious (0) vs. the opposite anti-religious (-1) →
nowadays we have negative, neutral & positive. But according to
mathematics these days there was only a 0 or 1
o Rethorics:
▪ Ethos: the messenger shouldn’t have an interest in the message
▪ Logos: the message has to be logic
▪ Phatos: you have to speak to the feelings of the people
▪ Frames; intro-body-conclusion
- Plato was against democracy; democratis leaders like to have an audience; they’re even
please by applause from slaves, women, animals
Macchiavelli: As a leader you can do 2 things (2 types of frames):
1. Virtuosity;
Actor → issue: issue positions
Actor → actor: support or criticism
co-operation or conflict
2. Fortune: what befalls upon an actor;
even although many things are unpredictable and falls upon leaders, they have to act upon.
? → issue: real world developments
? → actors: success of failure;
loss or gain
➔ Anticipate to everything, failure is not an attribute to them
De Tocqueville : different theories :
- Democraticy ; tyranny of the majority
- Fear of becoming isolated; perceive the dominant press & view as the majority view
- Do not express minority view; bolstering majority view → more doubts about minority
views & escape to sensational non-political news, political apathy
- Spiral of silence
- Spiral of cynism
- Bandwagon effect theory; effect of neqa on gainsand losses; successes and failures
Walter Lippmann; 2 famous concepts:
, - Agenda settings; events have to be turned into newsworthy issues, which can raise issue
salience among readers/listeners
o Before a series of events become news they usually have to make themselves
notable first
o Unseen environment is reported to us chiefly by words; transmitted by wire or
radio → from reporters to editors
o Publicity men; PR → saves the reporter much time by presenting him a clear
picture of a situation out of which he might otherwise make either head nor tail
o Newspapers influence each other most deeply
o We can see that the news of it comes to us fast, but whatever we believe to be a
true picture we treat as if it were the environment itself
o The press is no substitute for institutions. It’s like the beam of a searchlight that
moves restingly about, bringing one episode and then another out of darkness
into vision
- Framing → stereotypes (as he calls them)
o We pick out what our culture has already defined for us
o Attempt to see all things freshly and in detail, rather than as types and
generalities; this is exhausting
o
What/where’s the frame?
- E.g. Rembrandt; uses lighting to ‘frame’ important parts of the art, it directs attention to
a specific part
- News items: what is in the headline/lead of the story
Kleinnijenhuis & Van Hoof – ARTIKEL 1
There are 4 types of news statements (news frames); four theories about news effects on party
choice:
1. Real world developments, economic cues → sociotropic and pocketbook voting
- Schumpeter: People will look at real world events & then vote on a specific president;
when bad real life events more likely to vote on new president. (what develops on an
actor)
2. Issue positions of parties: (rather to vote on successful parties, having a winner position is
important)
- What parties can do → proximity theory; directional theory; issue ownership theory
3. Success and failure, gains and losses, horse race → bandwagon and underdog effects;
- De Tocqueville; spiral of silence theory, spiral of cynicism; Lazersfeld (what falls upon
you)
4. Support and criticism, conflict and cooperation;
- prove that what you’re saying is contestant.
News values etc.
Combining the 4 statements; Issue positions, support & criticism, success & failure, support &
criticism of the press → politics as a semantic network; should be balanced.
Same story can be brought on a different emphasizes and have different effects
Method:
- Units of measurement content analyses (core) sentences in news items
, - Units of measurement panel survey; respondents at different points in time
- Units of analysis was: respondents x weeks x parties
- RQ: ( RQ: (average) news effects of news on four different frames on: different frames
on: different frames on: different frames on:
• Various respondents
• At various time points (panel waves)
Wu, Stevenson et al.
RQ: If mass media have the power to influence audiences, do they also have the power to influence
the events that are the basis of the news?
Method:
- Units of measurement: Differentiate between different variables: news coverage, people’s
perception & reality.
- Time series: real world developments extracted from the economics, media coverage on this.
Time-series analysis allows researchers to go beyond the chicken-or-egg debate to more
interesting questions that at times media do influence public opinion and possibly the events
that become news while, at other times, journalists are the laggards, running after events and
the public.
- Units of analyses are quarters in this article -
- Use of VAR analysis: Vector autoregression test. VAR modeling allows researchers to:
- detect any predictive relationship between the time-series variables over a certain time
frame.
- It is capable of restricting both the direct and indirect impact of a variable on another
system.
- It allows to test the significance of the total (direct and indirect) impact of a variable on
another variable in the system; a strong test for causality.
- Use of Johansen test: aims to investigate whether a group of nonstationary time-series variables
are cointegrated. If there exists a stationary linear combination of nonstationary random
variables, the variables combined are said to be cointegrated → The old woman and the boy are
unrelated to one another, except that they are both on a random walk in the park.
Conclusions article:
- Media coverage → good predictor of the public’s assessment of the economy during the
downturn; citizens pay greater attention to economic news during economic downturns.
- During down period mass media reflect more of the public’s perception about the economic
situation and less of the economic reality
- People’s sentiments about the economy (both present and future) were not influenced by the
news coverage but by the economic condition.
- People are affected by recession; personal recession experiences make individuals more
susceptible to the agenda setting effect.
- The amount of recession coverage cannot be predicted either by the economy or the public’s
sentiment in the recovery period.
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