100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Summery lectures Medical biochemistry of BMS year 2 (23-24) $8.06
Add to cart

Summary

Summary Summery lectures Medical biochemistry of BMS year 2 (23-24)

 9 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution

Summery of all the lectures of Medical biochemistry of BMS year 2 (23-24).

Preview 4 out of 67  pages

  • March 27, 2024
  • 67
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary
avatar-seller
HC 1: Intro & Overview of human metabolism
Carbohydrates à most important fuel for the body à glucose
Proteins à amino acids (long chains are called peptides or proteins)
Fat/triglycerides à composed of glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids coupled to it
- Palmitate
- Oleate
- Stearate

Glycolysis is the central pathway in human metabolism à carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids,
DNA/RNA

Big three
- Glucose 6 phosphate: Ribose 5 phosphate (DNA), Pyruvate, Glycogen
- Pyruvate: Lactate, Alanine (amino acid), Acetyl coA, oxaloacetate (à glucose 6
phosphate à pyruvate)
- Acetyl CoA: Fatty Acids, 3 hydroxy 3 methyl glutaryl coa (cholesterol or ketone bodies)
Major fates of fuels in the fed state
- Glucose à Energy (Oxidation), glycogen/TG (storage), many compounds (synthesis)
- Amino acids à protein synthesis, energy (oxidation), synthesis of nitrogen-containing
compounds
- Fats à TG (storage), membrane lipids (synthesis), energy (oxidation)

Free energy carriers: ATP, GTP, NADPH, FADH
- ATP: major energy carrier à (hydrolysis) ADP + Pi (continuous cycle)
- TCA cycle and ATP generation à in mitochondria
o 2 carbons of Acetyl Coa released as CO2
o Hydrogens releases as H2O
- Other pathways in cytoplasm (glycolysis)
- Liver: central factory
- Many tissues have their own tissue metabolism

Regulation OXPHOS and ATPase
- ATP synthase uses energy from proton gradient to produce ATP
- When all ADP has been converted to ATP the enzyme stops
- No regeneration of NAD+
- Regulation TCA: without NAD+ this reaction and the TCA cycle cannot proceed

When OXPHOS stops recycling NADH: TCA will also stop
à NADH is a negative factor for OXPHOS
à ADP is a stimulator

When there is sufficient ATP: excess Acetyl CoA is converted to fat
Excess dietary fuel à (fed) Fuel stores: fat, glycogen, protein à (fasting) oxidation à energy
Excess glucose converted to fat: glucose à pyruvate à acetylcoa à citrate à acetylcoa à
malonyl coa à FA à palmitate

Fatty acids cannot pass the myelin sheets in the brain à brain cannot use FAs

, - Fatty acids à Acetyl CoA à Ketone bodies (brain can use this as fuel), but this will only
happen after a couple of days of starvation

Nitrogen excretion during fasting
- Urea excretion will increase when fasting à proteins are used as fuel
- After more days à ketone bodies are made and then the urea excretion will drop
again
o B-hydroxybutyrate
o Acetoacetate

,HC 2: Carbohydrate and glucose metabolism
Brain requires glucose! à first priority, most of the glucose goes to the brain (75%)
Storage as glycogen à 190 gram (liver)
During fasting all glucose stores are finished within 1 day
Brain neuronal cells have no beta cells

Stereo-isomers à different enzymes also needed for these different isomers (3D difference)
- D-glucose
o Beta-D-glucose
o Beta-L-glucose à cannot be metabolized
- D-mannose
- D-galactose

Dietary sources of carbohydrates
- Starch, plants à amylose and amylopectin
- Dairy (milk products) à lactose (galactose + glucose)
- Every processed food in Western society à sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Amylase is beginning in the mouth à as soon as possible to get as much glucose directly to
the brain

Fibers à a kind of carbohydrate that we cannot digest
- Intestines can use it to promote normal digestion
Uptake by facilitated transport
- Passive diffusion (through concentration gradient) à simple diffusion or facilitative
diffusion
- Active transport (against the concentration gradient) à energy is needed

Lactose intolerance: intestinal problems
- Lack enzyme (lactase) to break the bond between galactose and glucose
- Cannot digest the lactose sugar
- Bacteria can digest à so sugar that is not digested, will be used by bacteria à diarrhea
- Western world less people are lactose intolerant
Galactosemia: very serious disease (no relation to lactose intolerance)
- No intestinal problems, but liver
- Galactose à galactose 1-phospase (non classical) or galactose-1-phosphate à glucose
1-phosphate cannot occur
- Traps all the phosphate in the body (galactose 1-phosphate, galactose an galactitol
increase)
- Management: elimination of galactose (milk and dairy products)
Fructosemia
- Lack enzyme fructokinase (not severe) or dihydroxyacetone-P (severe)
- Remedy à do not eat any fruits

, Glycogen: storage unit of glucose
- You can degrade it very fast, that’s why it is all bonded to each other (also takes up
less space)
- Liver: key function in glucose storage for blood glucose homeostasis in between
meals or during fasting
- Muscle: glycogen is main glucose source during exercise
- Glucose-6-phosphatase à leads to the making of glucose back to the blood
- Synthesis: glucose à glucose-6-P à glucose-1-P à glycogen
(à glycogen synthase, ß glycogen phosphorylase)
o Glucose-6-P can go to glycolysis, PPP and other pathways
- Glycogensynthese: will add branches on glycogen
- Glycogen phosphorylase: chops off at any free ends the different glucose molecules
until reached 4 …
- It is branched because it can increase the speed of synthesis, many more sites to
react
- Regulation
o Muscle: insulin (storage), epinephrine (via PKA) and activity (via CA2+)
(exercise), not responsive to glucagon!
o Liver: insulin (storage), glucagon (fasting), epinephrine (via PKA,
exercise/stress)

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lilingho. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $8.06. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

52510 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$8.06
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added