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Samenvatting History of Early Modern Societies
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Samenvatting hoorcolleges en onderwijsgroepen, eigen aantekeningen toegevoegd in rood.
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nSamenvatninnHistorynofnn nEarlynModernn
n nSocietes
n n
Hoorcollege 1 t/m 4
Werkgroep 1 t/m 12
Weekn1
Hoorcolleien1:nEarlynmodernnhistorynandnitsnlimits
- The timeline of thi corr e i from 1000 rntil 1800
- Begin and end of the Early Modern Period i determined by ‘ evere’ change or
revolrtion in early Modern oocietie
- otarting point rrench eevolrtion & American eevolrtion, The Indr trial eevelrtion
- To what extend were the e moment in time ca e of ‘ evere’ change or revolrtion
fort he hi tory of mankind?
Three period ba ed on change in technology
1) Pre-agricrltrral age rntil 100000 year ago
2) Agricrltrral age rntil 1800
0) Indr trial age afer 1800
Thenindustrialnrevoluton
Mo t important, it i the ymbol of the tran ition from an age powered by mr cle power to
an era dominated by Machine Power and technological progre
Pre condition according to McKay for Indr trial eevolrtion in Britain
1) Uniqre et of po ibilitie and con traint abrndant coal and high wage
2) Agricrltrre efcient dre to enclo rre , large part of poprlation ort ide of
agricrltrre
0) High wage meant people pent money beyond bread
4) High literacy
5) eich natrral re orrce and well-developed infra- trrctrre
6) Heavy handed tate
ThenIndustrialnRevolutonnnthe term Indr trial eevolrtion i normally re erved for a et of
event that took place in Britain rorghly from 1760 to 18000 The hi torical event in qre tion
con i ted of a et of technological, economic and ocial change that in the long rrn
revolrtionized not jr t the Briti h economy brt that of the re t of we tern Errope, oorth
America, and eventrally mrch of the re t of the world0
a set of technological innovatons
Modernntmess
Modernnmannna man who aw him elf a an intellectral and moral individral, believing in
the fnding of experimental cience, and in the de irability of theologica land political
freedom0 (+/- 1750)
By 1850, mo t people in Errope believed that they were living in a ‘oew Modern Age’
,With modernity omething frndamentally changed in the We t and later thi change pread
tot he re t of the world0
ThenAmericannandnFrenchnRevolutons
ee rlt birth of the ‘modern or rational tate’, Democratic oation-otate or con titrtional
tate that world dominate the 19th and 20th centrry0 oo longer ba ed on tradition and
religion, brt on ‘rational choice’ and protection of libertie 0
Origin The oeven Year ’ War (1756-1760)
Both the rrench and American revolrtion fornd their origin in the debt that the Briti h
and rrench were lef with afer they forght the oeven Year ’ War on a global cale0
ThenAmericannRevolutonn(1775-1789)
The origin The oeven Year ’ War (1756-1760)
- Who i going to pay fort he war-debt?
Indipendence from Britain
1) Declaration of independence (1770)
2) rrench revenge
0) Briti h at war again t re t of Errope (1780)
ThenFrenchnRevolutonn(1789-1791)
rrance became a con titrtional monarchy0 Then, the revolrtion radicali ed and rance
became a eeprblic
ThenResult:nNewnconsttutonsnandnthenbirthnofnthen‘modernnstate’n
Growing demand for libery and eqrality helped frel the American eevolrtion and the
rrench eevolrtion
1) Individral hrman right
2) oew kind of government
0) Eqrality
BlacknDeathn(1347)nn Climat change , colder and weter0 “itle ice Age” (1000 to 1450)0 “e
agricrltrral ortprt meant famine (Great ramine, 1015-1022)
- A the hortage of food weakend people’ re i tance a completely new form of the
Plagre emerged the brbonic plagre
- Trade had expanded in the centrrie before the Black Death, making the world more
connected throrgh the overlaping of diferent trading phere ”0 The e commercial
connection allowed the Black Death to pread qrickly
- Black Death car e tran formative, high wage aferward , brt afer a centrry tart
dropping again0
, - The arthority of the Crrch wa challenged by the Black Death
1) Chrrch howed no leader hip drring the Black Death
2) The Crrch wa divided before and afer the Black Death (Babylonian Captivity and
Great ochi m)0
0) oothing wa done abort piritral mater pre-prote tant grorp
Modernity
Many hi torian have tried to give a periodi ation of the Early Modern period and mo t of
them eem to agree the following date
- The rrench eevolrtion 1789
- The American eevolrtion 1775-1780
- The Indr trial eevolrtion 1760-1800
KarlnMarx
rerdal Capitali m
1 oon market economy Market economy
2 rerdal Governance Centralized and party brrearcratized
Marx the early modern world began when the rrle of king and ferdal baron wa
challenged by borrgeoi ie developing the lineament of modern capitali t economie and
replacing ferdal erfdorm with a wage-earning proletariat
Capitali m accrmrlation of capital => inve tment of capital rational and aimed at proft =>
the prr rit of proft mean that economy more efcient, a people want to maxim proft 0
Thi mean technological innovation and violà capitali m and cla trrggle together explain
the tran ition to indr try and the revolrtion that took place at the end of the eighteenth
centrry0
The high point of Erropean rerdali m died ort the centrry-and-a- hall that followed the
low recovery from the BlacknDeath0
Problem rerdali m on the wane, brt modern ociety arornd 18500 Period in between
neither trrely capitali t nor ferdal the term Early Modern wa born0
Early Modern a tran ition period?
What evolved in between merchant capitali m” or proto-indr trial” prodrction
Three problem with Marx theory (Gold tone)
a) The defnition i rid in place and time
b) rocr on rerdali m make tran ition to Capitali m/Modernity a rniqrely Erropean
phenomenon
c) Capitali m (withort a tage of ferdali m preceeding it) exi ted ort ide of Errope and long
before it emerged in Errope, brt did not artomatically to indr triali ation
, McKay
Economic change leading to cla trrggle and victory of the borrgeoi ie vi ible in McKay’
depiction of the major political revolrtion at the end of the eighteenth centrry, a well a
in the depiction of the Black Death, which heralded the end of ferdali m0 The Indr trial
eevolrtion wa jr t the fnalization of the borrgeoi ie taking power0
MaxnWeber
Weber (1864-1920) eationali ation, ecrlarization, di enchantment a ociated with the ri e
of capitali m and modernity0
Max Weber and hi claim that the We t rnderwent a rniqrely inten e proce of
rationali ation that re rlted in the emergence of capitali t market economie , brrearcratic
tate and a di enchanted crltrre that wa ideally rited to prodrce cience, technology and
a methodical way of living” (ochlrchter 1980, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1998)0
- Weber (1864-1920) eational crltrre eationali ation, ecrlarization, di enchantment
a ociated with the ri e of capitali m and modernity0
- The prote tant work ethic and the pirit of capitali m (1905)
Ideal type "An ideal type i formed by the one- ided accentration of one or more point of
view and by the ynthe i of a great many difr e, di crete, more or le pre ent and
occa ionally ab ent concrete individral phenomena, which are arranged according to tho e
one- idedly empha ized viewpoint into a rnifed analytical con trrct000" [
FunctonalistnTheorynofnhhanie
AdvancednOrianicnSocietes
In tead of rrnctionali m or Marxi im, Gold tone propo e Advanced Organic oocietie (E0A0
Wrigley)
1) All ocietie (before fo il frel) were dependent on organic orrce of energy
2) Centralized and brrearcratic regime
0) The e ocietie corld grow throrgh the explotation of efciencie of manrfactrring
and trade, brt their growth wa limited by the availability of land
Werkiroepn1:nWhenndidnthenearlynmodernnperiodnstart
Batle of the Mind
EeAoMUo Vo0 MACHIAVE““I
Fictef debat tussen teee groepen
Erasmus, Machiavelli en hun gevolg
Onderwerp over artoriteit, de rol van de heer er en gebrrik van oorlog
Aanleiding verkiezing Karel V al Heilig eoom e Keizer
Plaat Bergamo, Venetiaan territorirm
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