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Chem 104 1st exam|Complete Questions with 100% Correct Answers

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Chem 104 1st exam|Complete Questions with 100% Correct Answers What are hybrid orbitals? orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more orbitals on the same atom What are the types of hybrid orbitals SP- 2 regions of density SP^2- 3 regions of density(3sp^2s) SP^3- 4 regi...

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Chem 104 1st exam|Complete Questions with 100% Correct Answers
What are hybrid orbitals?

orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more orbitals on the same atom

What are the types of hybrid orbitals

SP- 2 regions of density
SP^2- 3 regions of density(3sp^2s)
SP^3- 4 regions (4 sp^3s)

What are the 4 types of hydrocarbons

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons

Alkane

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds

Alkene

a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bond between a carbon

Alkyne

a hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple bond (between carbons)

aromatic

carbon ring

What are the hydrocarbon prefixes

1 C- methane (CH4)
2C- ethane (C2H6)
3c- Propane
4C- butane
5C pentane
6C hexane
7C heptane
8C octane
9C nonane
10C decane

Methyl

CH3-

Ethyl

CH3CH2-

,Propyl

CH3CH2CH2-

Butyl

CH3CH2CH2CH2-

isopropyl

CH3CHCH3-

Isomers

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

structural (constitutional) isomers

same molecular formula, different connectivity

How can you convert one structural isomer to another

Break and rejoin the atoms

When you have greater surface area what does that indicate about LDF

Greater surface area=greater LDF

Greater IMFs produce — boiling points

Greater

What are the 3 parts to a compounds name

Prefix|base|suffix
What substituents|how many C|family

How to name hydrocarbons

1.find longest continuous carbon chain. This is your base.
2.number the chain from end nearest the 1st substituent encountered
3.list substituent as a prefix along with numbers of carbons to which they're attached
4.if there are more than 1 type of substituents in the molecule, list them alphabetically
5.the presence of 2 or more of the same substituent is indicated by prefix (di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa)

Hydrocarbons

the simplest organic compounds, composed of only carbon and hydrogen

In alkanes what hybridization does carbon have

SP^3

noncyclic alkanes all have a formula of

, C(n)H(2n+2)

Nomenclature

Set of rules to allow for systematic and consistent naming of compounds

Nomenclature has 2 rules for naming alkanes

1.first identify the longest chain of carbon atoms in its structure (1:meth, 2:eth, 3:prop, 4: but, 5:pent, 6:
hex,7:hept, 8:oct, 9:non,10:dec)
2.add prefixes to the name of the longest chain to indicate positions and name of substituents

What happens if more than 1 type of substituent is present

When more than one substituent is present either on the same carbon atom or on different atoms the
substituents are listed alphabetically

How do you name an electronegative substituent

The ending o replaces -ide at end of naming en substituent

An ionic compounds the negatively charged ion ends with — in organic compounds. Such adults are
treated as substituents and ending — is used

Ide
O

Because the carbon atom numbering begins at the end closest to a substituent. The longest change of
carbon atoms is numbered how?

In such a way to produce the lowest numbers for substituents

How would you indicate the number number of substituents of the same type?

By using prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta, etc

alkyl group

An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed, e.g. CH3, C2H5; alkyl groups are often shown as 'R'.

tert-butyl

-C(CH3)3

Do alkyl groups exist as stable independent entities

No

When do unbranched chains exist

When no carbon atom is bonded to no more than 2 other carbons

How do you often name unbranched chains

Begin with the term normal or n-

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