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Samenvatting keuzevak Sociale Psychologie
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Uitgebreide samenvatting Sociale psychologie van Prof. Alain Hiel MEEER dan voldoende om te slagen!!! Keuzevak van richting management en beleid
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SAMENVATTING SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIELes 1: 14/02/2023 ...............................................................................................................................................6
1 Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding ......................................................................................................6
1.1 De mens is een sociaal dier .......................................................................................6
1.2 Sociale psychologie: definitie + verwante disciplines................................................6
1.2.1 Definitie van sociale psychologie ................................................................... 6
1.2.2 De kracht van de sociale situatie .................................................................... 7
1.2.3 Sociale psychologie en verwante disciplines ................................................... 9
1.2.4 Andere Psychologische domeinen ................................................................ 11
1.2.5 Sociale psychologie en mensenkennis........................................................... 12
1.3 De geschiedenis van de sociale psychologie .......................................................... 13
1.3.1 De beginjaren van de sociale psychologie (1880-1935).................................. 13
1.3.2 De jaren van bevestiging (1936-1960) .......................................................... 13
1.3.3 Groei en debat (1960-1975) ......................................................................... 15
1.3.4 Methodologisch en inhoudelijk pluralisme (1975-nu) .................................... 15
1.4 Sociale psychologie in de 21ste eeuw .................................................................... 16
Les 2: 21/02/2023 ............................................................................................................................................ 17
2 Hoofdstuk 2: NIET KENNEN ........................................................................................... 17
3 Hoofdstuk 3: NIET KENNEN ........................................................................................... 17
4 Hoofdstuk 4: Sociale Perceptie ...................................................................................... 17
4.1 Het ruwe materiaal van de eerste indruk............................................................... 17
4.1.1 De waarnemer ............................................................................................ 17
4.1.2 Het uiterlijk ................................................................................................. 18
4.1.3 Situaties ...................................................................................................... 19
4.1.4 Gedrag........................................................................................................ 20
4.1.5 Waarheid of leugen onderscheiden .............................................................. 23
4.2 Attributie: van elementen tot disposities .............................................................. 24
4.2.1 Attributietheorie ......................................................................................... 24
4.2.2 Theorie van de corresponderende gevolgtrekkingen (EXAMEN) .................... 25
4.2.3 Kelley’s covariatiemodel (examen) ............................................................... 26
4.2.4 Attributievertekeningen (attributiefouten) .................................................. 28
4.2.5 Twee-stappen Attributiemodel .................................................................... 29
4.2.6 De fundamentele attributiefout als perceptueel fenomeen ........................... 29
4.2.7 Attributies als culturele constructies ............................................................ 32
4.2.8 Cognitieve heuristieken ............................................................................... 33
4.2.9 Motivatievertekeningen .............................................................................. 34
4.3 Integratie van disposities tot impressies ................................................................ 34
4.3.1 Enkele basisbevindingen .............................................................................. 34
4.3.2 Integratie van kenmerken in een globale impressie ...................................... 36
4.3.3 Afwijkingen van het gemiddelde model ....................................................... 36
4.4 Confirmatievertekening ......................................................................................... 38
4.4.1 Persistentie van opvattingen ....................................................................... 38
Pagina 1 van 218
, 4.4.2 Confirmatorische hypothesetoetsing ............................................................ 39
4.4.3 Zelfvervullende voorspelling (self-fulfilling prophecy) ................................... 40
Les 3: 28/02/2023 ............................................................................................................................................ 42
5 Hoofdstuk 5: Sociale beïnvloeding ................................................................................ 42
5.1 Automatische beïnvloeding.................................................................................... 42
5.1.1 Kameleoneffect ........................................................................................... 42
5.2 Conformiteit ........................................................................................................... 44
5.2.1 Klassieke studies over conformiteit .............................................................. 46
5.2.2 Waarom confirmeert men?.......................................................................... 48
5.2.3 Meerderheidsinvloed................................................................................... 50
5.2.4 Geslachtseffecten ........................................................................................ 52
5.2.5 Minderheidsinvloed ..................................................................................... 53
5.2.6 Differentiële of unimodale procesmodellen .................................................. 54
5.3 Instemmen ............................................................................................................. 55
5.3.1 Redenen geven: de taal vh verzoek .............................................................. 55
5.3.2 ‘Stel je eens voor’-techniek .......................................................................... 56
5.3.3 De wederkerigheidsnorm ............................................................................. 57
5.3.4 Tweestappen instemmingstechnieken .......................................................... 58
5.3.5 Assertiviteit: wanneer zegt men ‘nee’ .......................................................... 60
5.4 Gehoorzaamheid .................................................................................................... 61
5.4.1 Milgram’s Experiment ................................................................................. 62
5.4.2 Verzet tov gehoorzaamheid: trotseren ......................................................... 66
5.4.3 Perspectieven over menselijke natuur .......................................................... 67
Les 4: 07/03/2023 ............................................................................................................................................ 68
6 Hoofdstuk 6: NIET KENNEN ........................................................................................... 68
7 Hoofdstuk 7: attitudes................................................................................................... 68
7.1 Attitudes: basisbevindingen ................................................................................... 68
7.1.1 De drie componenten van attitudes ............................................................. 69
7.1.2 Attitudesterkte............................................................................................ 70
7.1.3 Expliciete en impliciete attitudes ................................................................. 70
7.1.4 Het verband tussen attitudes en gedrag....................................................... 77
7.2 Overreding door communicatie ............................................................................. 78
7.2.1 Twee wegen voor overreding....................................................................... 78
7.2.2 De bron ....................................................................................................... 82
7.2.3 De boodschap ............................................................................................. 87
7.2.4 Het publiek ................................................................................................. 90
7.3 Overtuigen door het eigen gedrag ......................................................................... 91
7.3.1 Cognitieve dissonantietheorie...................................................................... 91
7.3.2 Toepassingen van dissonantietheorie op inspanningen en keuzes ................. 94
7.3.3 Randcondities van dissonantietheorie .......................................................... 95
7.3.4 Alternatieve wegen tot zelfovertuiging ........................................................ 96
7.4 Reclame en voorlichting ......................................................................................... 97
Pagina 2 van 218
, 7.4.1 Subliminale beïnvloeding............................................................................. 97
7.4.2 Stereotypen ................................................................................................ 99
7.4.3 Culturele verschillen .................................................................................. 100
Les 5: 14/03/2023 .......................................................................................................................................... 101
8 Hoofdstuk 8: NIET KENNEN ......................................................................................... 101
9 Hoofdstuk 9: Anderen helpen ..................................................................................... 101
9.1 Waarom helpen we anderen? .............................................................................. 101
9.1.1 Evolutionaire factoren ............................................................................... 101
9.1.2 Kosten en baten ........................................................................................ 104
9.1.3 Altruïsme of egoïsme: het grote debat ....................................................... 106
9.1.4 Motieven om te helpen.............................................................................. 110
9.2 Onder welke omstandigheden helpen we (niet)?................................................ 111
9.2.1 Het omstandereffect ................................................................................. 111
9.2.2 Stress en tijdsdruk ..................................................................................... 119
9.2.3 Locatie en cultuur ...................................................................................... 119
9.2.4 Stemming ................................................................................................. 121
9.3 Wie helpt anderen? .............................................................................................. 122
9.3.1 Zijn sommige personen behulpzamer dan anderen? ................................... 122
9.3.2 Kenmerken van de altruïstische persoonlijkheid ......................................... 123
9.3.3 De invloed van ouders en familie ............................................................... 124
9.3.4 Rolmodellen en sociale normen ................................................................. 124
9.4 Interpersoonlijke factoren: wie ontvangt hulp? .................................................. 126
9.4.1 Waargenomen eigenschappen van de persoon in nood .............................. 126
9.4.2 De gepaste combinatie van helper en ontvanger ........................................ 127
9.4.3 Geslacht en hulpvaardigheid ..................................................................... 128
9.4.4 Anderen om hulp vragen ........................................................................... 129
Les 6: 21/03/2023 .......................................................................................................................................... 130
10 Hoofdstuk 10: Agressie .............................................................................................. 130
10.1 Wat is agressie? .................................................................................................. 130
10.1.1 Definities en vormen van agressie ............................................................ 130
10.1.2 Pestgedrag.............................................................................................. 130
10.1.3 Meting van agressie ................................................................................ 131
10.2 Crossnationale en intraculturele verschillen in agressie .................................... 132
10.2.1 Crossnationale verschillen ........................................................................ 132
10.2.2 Intraculturele verschillen (binnen een cultuur) .......................................... 133
10.3 De oorsprong van agressie ................................................................................. 134
10.3.1 Het erfelijkheidsperspectief ..................................................................... 134
10.3.2 Leerperspectief ........................................................................................ 137
10.3.3 Sociaal leren............................................................................................ 140
10.4 Sociaalpsychologische theorieën van agressie ................................................... 140
10.4.1 Frustratie ................................................................................................ 140
10.4.2 Negatief Affect ........................................................................................ 141
Pagina 3 van 218
, 10.4.3 Fysiologische opwinding .......................................................................... 142
10.4.4 Cognitieve processen ............................................................................... 143
10.4.5 Een integratief model van agressie .......................................................... 144
10.5 De invloed van media op geweld ....................................................................... 145
10.5.1 Geweld in de media ................................................................................. 145
10.5.2 Pornografie ............................................................................................. 147
10.5.3 Het mogelijke gevaar inschatten .............................................................. 150
10.6 Verborgen geweld .............................................................................................. 150
10.6.1 Seksuele agressie..................................................................................... 150
10.6.2 Partnergeweld ........................................................................................ 151
10.6.3 Kindermishandeling................................................................................. 152
10.7 Slot: reductie van geweld ................................................................................... 153
10.7.1 Concrete maatregelen ............................................................................. 153
10.7.2 Omvattende maatregelen........................................................................ 153
Les 7: 28/03/2023 .......................................................................................................................................... 154
11 Hoofdstuk 11: NIET KENNEN ..................................................................................... 154
12 Hoofdstuk 12: Groepsprocessen ............................................................................... 154
12.1 Collectieve processen ......................................................................................... 154
12.1.1 Sociale facilitatie: als anderen ons opwinden ........................................... 154
12.1.2 Sociaal lijntrekken: als anderen ons helpen .............................................. 156
12.1.3 Collectieve processen: een integratie ....................................................... 158
12.2 Onenigheid en verschillende opinies ................................................................. 159
12.2.1 Opiniedevianten ...................................................................................... 159
12.2.2 Sociale beslissingsschema’s: naar de essentie van groepsbeïnvloeding ..... 160
12.2.3 Groepspolarisatie: de weg naar extreme posities ..................................... 164
12.3 Groepsprocessen ................................................................................................ 165
12.3.1 Groepsprestatie....................................................................................... 165
12.3.2 Brainstormen .......................................................................................... 166
12.3.3 Vertekende steekproeftrekking ................................................................ 168
12.3.4 Groepsgeheugen: samen onthouden ........................................................ 170
12.3.5 Heuristieken ............................................................................................ 171
12.3.6 Strategieën die groepsefficiëntie verhogen .............................................. 172
12.4 Groepsdenken: het perspectief verliezen .......................................................... 173
12.4.1 Het groepsdenken model ......................................................................... 173
12.4.2 Empirische onderzoeken .......................................................................... 174
12.4.3 Groepsdenken voorkomen ...................................................................... 174
Les 8: 25/04/2023 .......................................................................................................................................... 175
13 Hoofdstuk 13: NIET KENNEN ..................................................................................... 175
14 Hoofdstuk 14: Diversiteit........................................................................................... 175
14.1 Diversiteit ........................................................................................................... 175
14.1.1 Probleem? ............................................................................................... 176
14.1.2 Hypersegregatie ...................................................................................... 177
Pagina 4 van 218
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