Summary

Samenvatting Landschapskunde 1

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Course
Landschapskunde I

Institution
Universiteit Gent (UGent)

Stuur mij een bericht om een goedkopere prijs af te spreken: Manon Dhelft op sociale media. Samenvatting van het vak Landschapskunde 1 (hoorcollege) aan UGent. Samenvatting bestaat slides, notities en het boek 'Perspectieven op het landschap' (Antrop, 2017).

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Uploaded on March 29, 2024
Number of pages 88
Written in 2022/2023
Type Summary

landschapskunde
holisme
perspectieven
natuurlandschap
cultuurlandschap
definities
gestalt
holons
dynamisch
patch corridor matrix
landschapskartering
typologie en chorologie
bocage
openfield
landschaps

Institution
Universiteit Gent (UGent)
Education
Geografie En Geomatica
Course
Landschapskunde I

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LANDSCHAPSKUNDE 1
2 BAC Geografie-Geomatica

Bron

• Lessen en slides van Prof. Veerle Van Eetvelde (2023)
• Perspectieven op het landschap (Antrop, 2017)

Academiejaar 2022-2023

,INHOUDSTAFEL
SITUERING DISCIPLINE EN DEFINITIES...................................................................................................... 7
De hedendaagse crisis van het landschap .................................................................................. 7
Ontwikkeling van het landschapsonderzoek .............................................................................. 8
Ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................... 8
Fases ................................................................................................................................................ 8
De proto-wetenschappelijke fase (voor 19de eeuw) ................................................................... 8
De landschapskunde in ontwikkeling van de geografie (19de -20ste eeuw) ................................. 9
De luchtfotografie met de holistische perspectief en de opkomst van de historische geografie
(jaren 1940-1960) ........................................................................................................................ 9
Het verlies van de interdisciplinariteit en het zoeken naar een nieuwe synthese (jaren 1960-
1980).......................................................................................................................................... 10
De humanistische benadering en de revival van de landschapsecologie (jaren 1980-1990) ... 10
De ‘landschapscrisis’ (in Europa) en transdisciplinaire landschapsstudies (vanaf 1990) .......... 10
Het landschap gezien vanuit verschillende disciplines .............................................................. 11
Verschillende disciplines ............................................................................................................... 11
Geografie ................................................................................................................................... 11
Ecologie ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Geschiedenis en historische ecologie........................................................................................ 11
Archeologie................................................................................................................................ 11
Omgevingspsychologie .............................................................................................................. 11
Landschapsarchitectuur ............................................................................................................ 11
Landschap: inter- en transdisciplinair benaderen ......................................................................... 12
Definities (over welk landschap hebben we het?) .................................................................... 13
In het dagelijks taalgebruik ........................................................................................................... 13
Etymologie en oorsprong .......................................................................................................... 13
Meervoudige betekenissen en Verschillen van taal tot taal ..................................................... 14
Landschap met adjectieven ....................................................................................................... 14
Natuur- en cultuurlandschappen ......................................................................................................... 14
Het rurale en urbane landschap .......................................................................................................... 15
Ordinaire en spectaculaire landschappen............................................................................................ 15
Het schone, het sublieme, het pittoreske en het picturale .................................................................. 15
Efemere verschijnselen en seizoenale landschappen ........................................................................... 15
Samenvatting............................................................................................................................. 16
Formele definities.......................................................................................................................... 16
Cultuurlandschap in het UNESCO Werelderfgoed .................................................................... 16

1
MD

, Definities in Europese landschapsconventie (ELC) .................................................................... 17
Achtergrond en historiek ..................................................................................................................... 17
Definities en toepassingsdomein ......................................................................................................... 17
Definities in onroerend erfgoeddecreet 2013 (Vlaanderen)..................................................... 18
Besluit ............................................................................................................................................ 18
BENADERINGEN IN HET LANDSCHAPSONDERZOEK ................................................................................... 19
Gezichtspunten ...................................................................................................................... 19
Verticale perspectief (vogelperspectief) ....................................................................................... 20
Horizontale perspectief ................................................................................................................. 21
Innerlijke perspectief: mindscapes................................................................................................ 22
Transcendent perspectief: landschap als meta-realiteit ............................................................... 23
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................. 23
Het landschap gezien vanuit verschillende disciplines .............................................................. 24
BASISCONCEPTEN ........................................................................................................................... 25
Land vs landschap ................................................................................................................... 25
Holisme .................................................................................................................................. 25
Gestalt ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Holons............................................................................................................................................ 26
Het landschap als systeem ............................................................................................................ 27
Een holon-model: het ecodevice ................................................................................................... 27
De schaal ................................................................................................................................ 28
Ruimtelijke schaal .......................................................................................................................... 28
Temporele schaal .......................................................................................................................... 28
Beleidsschaal of het beleidsniveau ............................................................................................... 28
Structuren, patronen, relaties en processen ............................................................................ 28
Patronen en structuren ................................................................................................................. 28
Orde en relaties ...................................................................................................................... 30
Landschapsvormende lagen .......................................................................................................... 30
Orde en relaties ............................................................................................................................. 30
Landschap is dynamisch .......................................................................................................... 31
Landschapsgenese ......................................................................................................................... 31
Drijvende krachten van moderne en hedendaagse landschapsverandering ................................ 33
LEZEN VAN HET LANDSCHAP .............................................................................................................. 35
4 stappen binnen het lezen van een landschap ........................................................................ 35
Voorbeelden .......................................................................................................................... 35
Kaprijke, België .............................................................................................................................. 35

2
MD

, La Geria, Spanje ............................................................................................................................. 36
De 4 leesregels van het landschap ........................................................................................... 38
Een natuurlijk, fysisch systeem als substraat van het land ........................................................... 38
Een cultureel systeem met plaatsen en territoria en landgebruik ................................................ 38
Een verleden dat in verschillende, onvolledige lagen als relicten overblijft ................................. 38
Een waarneming die een beleving geeft ....................................................................................... 38
Het terrein als drager van het landschap – fysisch-geografische bouwstenen ........................... 39
Het substraat ................................................................................................................................. 39
Geologie..................................................................................................................................... 39
Lithologie ............................................................................................................................................. 39
Structuur en stratigrafie ...................................................................................................................... 39
Bodemgesteldheid..................................................................................................................... 40
Geomorfologie............................................................................................................................... 40
Water ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Klimaat ........................................................................................................................................... 41
De mens maakt het landschap ................................................................................................ 41
ANALYSE VAN LANDSCHAPPELIJKE PATRONEN ........................................................................................ 43
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................. 43
Landschapsanalyse vs landschapssynthese................................................................................... 43
Invalshoeken voor landschapsanalyse .......................................................................................... 43
Model 1: elementen, componenten en structuren ................................................................... 44
Landschapselementen ................................................................................................................... 44
Woonsites .................................................................................................................................. 44
Monumenten en sites ............................................................................................................... 45
Bouwkundig en archeologisch erfgoed ..................................................................................... 45
Klein historisch erfgoed ............................................................................................................. 45
Kleine landschapselementen (KLE’s) ......................................................................................... 45
Perceelsrandbegroeiing: types............................................................................................................. 46
Holle wegen ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Landschapscomponenten ............................................................................................................. 49
Bodembezetting vs landgebruik ................................................................................................ 49
Landschapsstructuren ................................................................................................................... 51
Ruimtelijke structuren ............................................................................................................... 51
Relatiestructuren ....................................................................................................................... 53
Tijdsstructuren .......................................................................................................................... 53
Functionele structuren .............................................................................................................. 53

3
MD

, Samenvatting................................................................................................................................. 53
Model 2: punt, lijn, polygoon .................................................................................................. 54
Model 3: patch, corridor, matrix.............................................................................................. 54
Model 4: massa, scherm, ruimte ............................................................................................. 56
Schermen en landschapstransparantie ......................................................................................... 56
Maat van de ruimten en kijkafstanden ......................................................................................... 57
Model 5: landmark, district, path, node, edge ......................................................................... 57
LANDSCHAPSKARTERING .................................................................................................................. 59
Registreren – hoe? .................................................................................................................. 59
Afbakening studiegebied ............................................................................................................... 59
Kateringsplan ................................................................................................................................. 59
Kartering met beschrijvingsfiche ................................................................................................... 60
Landschapsfotografie .................................................................................................................... 60
Verticaal..................................................................................................................................... 60
Verticale luchtfoto’s ............................................................................................................................. 60
Orthofotokaarten ................................................................................................................................ 60
Terreinfoto’s .............................................................................................................................. 61
Fotografie van landschappen .............................................................................................................. 61
Focusafstand en beeldhoek ................................................................................................................. 61
Panoromafoto...................................................................................................................................... 62
Stereoscopische terreinfoto’s .............................................................................................................. 62
Landschapsschets .......................................................................................................................... 62
Landschapsmodel .......................................................................................................................... 62
Karteringstechnieken .............................................................................................................. 62
Inhoudelijke kartering ................................................................................................................... 62
Fysiognomische kartering, beeldkartering .................................................................................... 63
Straatwandkartering...................................................................................................................... 63
Historische kartering ..................................................................................................................... 63
Geomorfologische kartering.......................................................................................................... 64
Integratiekartering ........................................................................................................................ 64
HET WAARNEMEN VAN HET LANDSCHAP ............................................................................................... 64
LANDSCHAPSCLASSIFICATIE ............................................................................................................... 65
Kader en begrippen ................................................................................................................ 65
Europese Landschapsconventie .................................................................................................... 65
Classificatie, typologie, karakterisatie ........................................................................................... 66
Benaderingen van landschapsclassificatie ................................................................................ 66

4
MD

, Doel van landschapsclassificatie ............................................................................................... 66
Attributen en gegevensmatrix....................................................................................................... 67
Landschapstypologie en chorologie ......................................................................................... 68
Landschapstypologie ..................................................................................................................... 68
Landschapstypologie stapsgewijs classificeren en identificeren .............................................. 69
Verschillende landschapstypes ................................................................................................. 70
Morfologische landschapstypes........................................................................................................... 70
Visueel-ruimtelijke landschapstypes .................................................................................................... 70
Historisch-genetische landschapsstypes .............................................................................................. 70
traditionele agrarische landschappen in Europa....................................................................... 71
Het openfield-systeem ......................................................................................................................... 72
Enclosure movement ........................................................................................................................... 72
De polders en droogmakerijen ............................................................................................................. 72
De mozaïeklandschappen van de zandgebieden ................................................................................. 73
De bocage ............................................................................................................................................ 73
De hooglanden..................................................................................................................................... 73
De bergweiden en transhumance ........................................................................................................ 74
De traditionele mediterrane polycultuur ............................................................................................. 74
De montado (Pt) en dehesa (Sp) .......................................................................................................... 74
De cultura promiscua (It) ..................................................................................................................... 75
De selva castanile (It) en chataigneraie (Fr) ........................................................................................ 75
Huertas en delta’s ................................................................................................................................ 75
Landschapschorologie ................................................................................................................... 76
Hiërarchische structuur van traditionele landschappen ........................................................... 77
Basismethoden voor landschapsclassificatie ............................................................................ 79
Twee methoden ............................................................................................................................ 79
Holistische landschapsclassificatie (descending) ...................................................................... 79
Parametrische landschapsclassificatie (ascending) ................................................................... 79
Classificatie: descending – ascending........................................................................................ 80
Hiërarchie van landschappelijke eenheden .................................................................................. 82
Methode wordt bepaald door: ...................................................................................................... 84
Conclusie ....................................................................................................................................... 84
Voorbeelden .......................................................................................................................... 85
Europese schaal ............................................................................................................................. 85
Nationale schaal ............................................................................................................................ 85
Regionale schaal ............................................................................................................................ 86
Bijzondere vormen ................................................................................................................. 87

5
MD

, Landscape Character Assessment ................................................................................................. 87
Participatie .................................................................................................................................... 87

6
MD

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