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Samenvatting van het vak Landschapskunde 1 (hoorcollege) aan UGent. Samenvatting bestaat slides, notities en het boek 'Perspectieven op het landschap' (Antrop, 2017).
• Lessen en slides van Prof. Veerle Van Eetvelde (2023)
• Perspectieven op het landschap (Antrop, 2017)
Academiejaar 2022-2023
,INHOUDSTAFEL
SITUERING DISCIPLINE EN DEFINITIES...................................................................................................... 7
De hedendaagse crisis van het landschap .................................................................................. 7
Ontwikkeling van het landschapsonderzoek .............................................................................. 8
Ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................... 8
Fases ................................................................................................................................................ 8
De proto-wetenschappelijke fase (voor 19de eeuw) ................................................................... 8
De landschapskunde in ontwikkeling van de geografie (19de -20ste eeuw) ................................. 9
De luchtfotografie met de holistische perspectief en de opkomst van de historische geografie
(jaren 1940-1960) ........................................................................................................................ 9
Het verlies van de interdisciplinariteit en het zoeken naar een nieuwe synthese (jaren 1960-
1980).......................................................................................................................................... 10
De humanistische benadering en de revival van de landschapsecologie (jaren 1980-1990) ... 10
De ‘landschapscrisis’ (in Europa) en transdisciplinaire landschapsstudies (vanaf 1990) .......... 10
Het landschap gezien vanuit verschillende disciplines .............................................................. 11
Verschillende disciplines ............................................................................................................... 11
Geografie ................................................................................................................................... 11
Ecologie ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Geschiedenis en historische ecologie........................................................................................ 11
Archeologie................................................................................................................................ 11
Omgevingspsychologie .............................................................................................................. 11
Landschapsarchitectuur ............................................................................................................ 11
Landschap: inter- en transdisciplinair benaderen ......................................................................... 12
Definities (over welk landschap hebben we het?) .................................................................... 13
In het dagelijks taalgebruik ........................................................................................................... 13
Etymologie en oorsprong .......................................................................................................... 13
Meervoudige betekenissen en Verschillen van taal tot taal ..................................................... 14
Landschap met adjectieven ....................................................................................................... 14
Natuur- en cultuurlandschappen ......................................................................................................... 14
Het rurale en urbane landschap .......................................................................................................... 15
Ordinaire en spectaculaire landschappen............................................................................................ 15
Het schone, het sublieme, het pittoreske en het picturale .................................................................. 15
Efemere verschijnselen en seizoenale landschappen ........................................................................... 15
Samenvatting............................................................................................................................. 16
Formele definities.......................................................................................................................... 16
Cultuurlandschap in het UNESCO Werelderfgoed .................................................................... 16
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, Definities in Europese landschapsconventie (ELC) .................................................................... 17
Achtergrond en historiek ..................................................................................................................... 17
Definities en toepassingsdomein ......................................................................................................... 17
Definities in onroerend erfgoeddecreet 2013 (Vlaanderen)..................................................... 18
Besluit ............................................................................................................................................ 18
BENADERINGEN IN HET LANDSCHAPSONDERZOEK ................................................................................... 19
Gezichtspunten ...................................................................................................................... 19
Verticale perspectief (vogelperspectief) ....................................................................................... 20
Horizontale perspectief ................................................................................................................. 21
Innerlijke perspectief: mindscapes................................................................................................ 22
Transcendent perspectief: landschap als meta-realiteit ............................................................... 23
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................. 23
Het landschap gezien vanuit verschillende disciplines .............................................................. 24
BASISCONCEPTEN ........................................................................................................................... 25
Land vs landschap ................................................................................................................... 25
Holisme .................................................................................................................................. 25
Gestalt ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Holons............................................................................................................................................ 26
Het landschap als systeem ............................................................................................................ 27
Een holon-model: het ecodevice ................................................................................................... 27
De schaal ................................................................................................................................ 28
Ruimtelijke schaal .......................................................................................................................... 28
Temporele schaal .......................................................................................................................... 28
Beleidsschaal of het beleidsniveau ............................................................................................... 28
Structuren, patronen, relaties en processen ............................................................................ 28
Patronen en structuren ................................................................................................................. 28
Orde en relaties ...................................................................................................................... 30
Landschapsvormende lagen .......................................................................................................... 30
Orde en relaties ............................................................................................................................. 30
Landschap is dynamisch .......................................................................................................... 31
Landschapsgenese ......................................................................................................................... 31
Drijvende krachten van moderne en hedendaagse landschapsverandering ................................ 33
LEZEN VAN HET LANDSCHAP .............................................................................................................. 35
4 stappen binnen het lezen van een landschap ........................................................................ 35
Voorbeelden .......................................................................................................................... 35
Kaprijke, België .............................................................................................................................. 35
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, La Geria, Spanje ............................................................................................................................. 36
De 4 leesregels van het landschap ........................................................................................... 38
Een natuurlijk, fysisch systeem als substraat van het land ........................................................... 38
Een cultureel systeem met plaatsen en territoria en landgebruik ................................................ 38
Een verleden dat in verschillende, onvolledige lagen als relicten overblijft ................................. 38
Een waarneming die een beleving geeft ....................................................................................... 38
Het terrein als drager van het landschap – fysisch-geografische bouwstenen ........................... 39
Het substraat ................................................................................................................................. 39
Geologie..................................................................................................................................... 39
Lithologie ............................................................................................................................................. 39
Structuur en stratigrafie ...................................................................................................................... 39
Bodemgesteldheid..................................................................................................................... 40
Geomorfologie............................................................................................................................... 40
Water ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Klimaat ........................................................................................................................................... 41
De mens maakt het landschap ................................................................................................ 41
ANALYSE VAN LANDSCHAPPELIJKE PATRONEN ........................................................................................ 43
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................. 43
Landschapsanalyse vs landschapssynthese................................................................................... 43
Invalshoeken voor landschapsanalyse .......................................................................................... 43
Model 1: elementen, componenten en structuren ................................................................... 44
Landschapselementen ................................................................................................................... 44
Woonsites .................................................................................................................................. 44
Monumenten en sites ............................................................................................................... 45
Bouwkundig en archeologisch erfgoed ..................................................................................... 45
Klein historisch erfgoed ............................................................................................................. 45
Kleine landschapselementen (KLE’s) ......................................................................................... 45
Perceelsrandbegroeiing: types............................................................................................................. 46
Holle wegen ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Landschapscomponenten ............................................................................................................. 49
Bodembezetting vs landgebruik ................................................................................................ 49
Landschapsstructuren ................................................................................................................... 51
Ruimtelijke structuren ............................................................................................................... 51
Relatiestructuren ....................................................................................................................... 53
Tijdsstructuren .......................................................................................................................... 53
Functionele structuren .............................................................................................................. 53
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, Samenvatting................................................................................................................................. 53
Model 2: punt, lijn, polygoon .................................................................................................. 54
Model 3: patch, corridor, matrix.............................................................................................. 54
Model 4: massa, scherm, ruimte ............................................................................................. 56
Schermen en landschapstransparantie ......................................................................................... 56
Maat van de ruimten en kijkafstanden ......................................................................................... 57
Model 5: landmark, district, path, node, edge ......................................................................... 57
LANDSCHAPSKARTERING .................................................................................................................. 59
Registreren – hoe? .................................................................................................................. 59
Afbakening studiegebied ............................................................................................................... 59
Kateringsplan ................................................................................................................................. 59
Kartering met beschrijvingsfiche ................................................................................................... 60
Landschapsfotografie .................................................................................................................... 60
Verticaal..................................................................................................................................... 60
Verticale luchtfoto’s ............................................................................................................................. 60
Orthofotokaarten ................................................................................................................................ 60
Terreinfoto’s .............................................................................................................................. 61
Fotografie van landschappen .............................................................................................................. 61
Focusafstand en beeldhoek ................................................................................................................. 61
Panoromafoto...................................................................................................................................... 62
Stereoscopische terreinfoto’s .............................................................................................................. 62
Landschapsschets .......................................................................................................................... 62
Landschapsmodel .......................................................................................................................... 62
Karteringstechnieken .............................................................................................................. 62
Inhoudelijke kartering ................................................................................................................... 62
Fysiognomische kartering, beeldkartering .................................................................................... 63
Straatwandkartering...................................................................................................................... 63
Historische kartering ..................................................................................................................... 63
Geomorfologische kartering.......................................................................................................... 64
Integratiekartering ........................................................................................................................ 64
HET WAARNEMEN VAN HET LANDSCHAP ............................................................................................... 64
LANDSCHAPSCLASSIFICATIE ............................................................................................................... 65
Kader en begrippen ................................................................................................................ 65
Europese Landschapsconventie .................................................................................................... 65
Classificatie, typologie, karakterisatie ........................................................................................... 66
Benaderingen van landschapsclassificatie ................................................................................ 66
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, Doel van landschapsclassificatie ............................................................................................... 66
Attributen en gegevensmatrix....................................................................................................... 67
Landschapstypologie en chorologie ......................................................................................... 68
Landschapstypologie ..................................................................................................................... 68
Landschapstypologie stapsgewijs classificeren en identificeren .............................................. 69
Verschillende landschapstypes ................................................................................................. 70
Morfologische landschapstypes........................................................................................................... 70
Visueel-ruimtelijke landschapstypes .................................................................................................... 70
Historisch-genetische landschapsstypes .............................................................................................. 70
traditionele agrarische landschappen in Europa....................................................................... 71
Het openfield-systeem ......................................................................................................................... 72
Enclosure movement ........................................................................................................................... 72
De polders en droogmakerijen ............................................................................................................. 72
De mozaïeklandschappen van de zandgebieden ................................................................................. 73
De bocage ............................................................................................................................................ 73
De hooglanden..................................................................................................................................... 73
De bergweiden en transhumance ........................................................................................................ 74
De traditionele mediterrane polycultuur ............................................................................................. 74
De montado (Pt) en dehesa (Sp) .......................................................................................................... 74
De cultura promiscua (It) ..................................................................................................................... 75
De selva castanile (It) en chataigneraie (Fr) ........................................................................................ 75
Huertas en delta’s ................................................................................................................................ 75
Landschapschorologie ................................................................................................................... 76
Hiërarchische structuur van traditionele landschappen ........................................................... 77
Basismethoden voor landschapsclassificatie ............................................................................ 79
Twee methoden ............................................................................................................................ 79
Holistische landschapsclassificatie (descending) ...................................................................... 79
Parametrische landschapsclassificatie (ascending) ................................................................... 79
Classificatie: descending – ascending........................................................................................ 80
Hiërarchie van landschappelijke eenheden .................................................................................. 82
Methode wordt bepaald door: ...................................................................................................... 84
Conclusie ....................................................................................................................................... 84
Voorbeelden .......................................................................................................................... 85
Europese schaal ............................................................................................................................. 85
Nationale schaal ............................................................................................................................ 85
Regionale schaal ............................................................................................................................ 86
Bijzondere vormen ................................................................................................................. 87
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, Landscape Character Assessment ................................................................................................. 87
Participatie .................................................................................................................................... 87
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