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Samenvatting TMA
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Uitgebreide samenvatting van de volledige cursus met toepassingen.
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By: marijkedevlaminck • 4 year ago
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DEEL 1: INLEIDING TOT SAS........................................................................................................... 5Hoofdstuk 1. Inleiding............................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. Soorten programma’s .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Kleurencode ......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. Soorten databestanden ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.4. Folders en Libraries .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.5. SAS Syntax ............................................................................................................................................ 7
1.5.1. Enkele datastappen ......................................................................................................................... 7
Hoofdstuk 2. Importeren en Exporteren ................................................................................................... 9
2.1. Data invoeren uit andere formaten – proc import............................................................................... 9
2.1.1. Mogelijke extra opties ................................................................................................................... 10
2.2. Data uitvoeren naar andere formaten – proc export......................................................................... 10
2.3. Output uitvoeren – ods ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1. Wegschrijven naar een SAS-data ................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2. Wegschrijven naar een extern bestand ......................................................................................... 13
Hoofdstuk 3. Databeheer ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.1. Selectie van variabelen....................................................................................................................... 14
3.2. Selectie van cases ............................................................................................................................... 14
3.3. Variabelen analyseklaar (leesbaar) maken......................................................................................... 16
3.3.1. Labels ............................................................................................................................................. 16
3.3.2. Formats.......................................................................................................................................... 16
3.4. Nieuwe variabelen aanmaken (DATA)................................................................................................ 18
3.4.1. Speciale gevallen ........................................................................................................................... 20
3.5. Lussen en Arrays................................................................................................................................. 23
DEEL 2: STRUCTURELE VERGELIJKINGSMODELLEN (SEM – STRUCTURAL EQUIATION
MODELLING) PROC CALIS ............................................................................................................ 25
Hoofdstuk 1. Inleiding............................................................................................................................. 25
1.1. Recapitulatie ...................................................................................................................................... 25
1.2. Wat is het doel van SEM? ................................................................................................................... 25
1.3. Vereisten voor SEM ............................................................................................................................ 28
1.3.1. Meetniveau = interval ................................................................................................................... 28
1.3.2. Geen missing values ...................................................................................................................... 28
1.3.3. Multivariate normaliteit ................................................................................................................ 29
1.4. Model bij data .................................................................................................................................... 30
Hoofdstuk 2. Padanalyse ........................................................................................................................ 30
2.1. Assumpties van padanalyse ............................................................................................................... 30
2.2. Padanalyses uitvoeren met regressie (PROC REG) ............................................................................. 30
2.2.1. Output ........................................................................................................................................... 31
2.2.2. Errortermen ................................................................................................................................... 33
2.3. Een padmodel in structurele vergelijkingen....................................................................................... 34
2.3.1. Betekenis van output..................................................................................................................... 34
2.4. De regels van Hatcher ........................................................................................................................ 35
Claire Van Roey 1
, 2.5. Vertaling per bevel ............................................................................................................................. 38
2.5.1. PROC CALIS-bevel .......................................................................................................................... 38
2.5.2. LINEQS-bevel ................................................................................................................................. 38
2.5.3. STD-bevel ....................................................................................................................................... 38
2.5.4. COV-bevel ...................................................................................................................................... 38
2.5.5. VAR-bevel ...................................................................................................................................... 38
2.6. Output van een gesatureerd model ................................................................................................... 39
Stap 0: Controle van cases .................................................................................................................... 39
Stap 1: Identificatie van het model ....................................................................................................... 39
Stap 2: Gepastheid van het model ........................................................................................................ 40
Stap 3: Coëfficiënten van het model..................................................................................................... 40
2.7. Output van een niet-gesatureerd model ........................................................................................... 42
Stap 1: Identificatie van model (Na Stap 0: controle van cases) ........................................................... 42
Stap 2: Gepastheid van model .............................................................................................................. 42
Stap 3: Coëfficiënten van model ........................................................................................................... 43
Stap 4: Verbeteringen aanbrengen aan model (Modificatie indices) ................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 3. Confirmatorische factoranalyse (CFA) ................................................................................ 47
3.1. Schattingsmethoden in CALIS............................................................................................................. 47
Groep 1: Limited-information technieken ................................................................................................... 47
Groep 2: Full-information technieken – Multivariate normaliteit ............................................................... 47
Groep 3: Full-information technieken – Asymptotically Distribution-Free (ADF) ........................................ 48
3.2. Exploratieve vs. confirmatieve factoranalyse..................................................................................... 49
3.2.1. Exploratieve factoranalyse ............................................................................................................ 49
3.2.2. Confirmatieve factoranalyse (CFA) ................................................................................................ 49
3.3. Regels van Hatcher ............................................................................................................................. 50
3.4. Output (≈ padanalyse) ........................................................................................................................ 54
Stap 1: Identificatie van model (Na Stap 0: Controle van cases) .......................................................... 54
Stap 2: Gepastheid van model .............................................................................................................. 55
Stap 3: Coëfficiënten van het model..................................................................................................... 55
Stap 4: Verbeteringen aanbrengen aan model (Boeie als model fit!) .................................................. 56
Stap 5: Validiteit –en betrouwbaarheidstesten .................................................................................... 59
Hoofdstuk 4. Structurele vergelijkingsmodel........................................................................................... 65
4.1. Stap 1: Het meetmodel (confirmatorische factoranalyse) ................................................................. 65
4.2. Stap 2: Het structureel model (structureel regressiemodel).............................................................. 65
4.2.1. Regels van Hatcher ........................................................................................................................ 66
4.2.2. Output ........................................................................................................................................... 68
4.3. Stap 3. Modeltoetsen ......................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.1. Evolutie van de fit .......................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.2. Absolute fit .................................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.3. Comparatieve/incrementele fit ..................................................................................................... 71
4.3.4. Schaarsheidstoetsen...................................................................................................................... 72
4.3.5. Toetsen op het structureel model ................................................................................................. 74
Wat zijn vrijheidsgraden? ................................................................................................................................. 75
DEEL 3: MULTILEVEL-ANALYSE PROC MIXED .............................................................................. 77
Hoofdstuk 1. Theorie .............................................................................................................................. 77
Claire Van Roey 2
, 1.1. Wat is een multilevel-analyse?........................................................................................................... 77
1.2. Geclusterde data ................................................................................................................................ 77
Soorten: ....................................................................................................................................................... 78
Strategie 1. Aantal levels ......................................................................................................................... 78
Strategie 2. Onderzoeksdesign ................................................................................................................ 79
Strategie 3. Datastructuur ....................................................................................................................... 81
1.3. OLS en clustering: foute omgang met geclusterde data .................................................................... 83
1.3.1. Negeren van de clustering ............................................................................................................. 83
1.3.2. Aggregeren op landniveau............................................................................................................. 85
1.3.3. De regressie uitvoeren voor elk land apart ................................................................................... 88
1.4. Van OLS regressie naar het multilevel model..................................................................................... 90
1.4.1. Standaard regressie: 1 lijn voor alle data ...................................................................................... 90
1.4.2. Multilevel regressie: 1 lijn per context (zie strategie 3) ................................................................ 91
Hoofdstuk 2. Overzicht modellen ............................................................................................................ 97
2.1. Het multilevel basismodel .................................................................................................................. 97
2.2. Null random intercept model ............................................................................................................. 98
2.3. Random intercept model ................................................................................................................... 99
2.4. Fully random model ......................................................................................................................... 100
2.5. Fully random model met level-2 predictoren .................................................................................. 101
Hoofdstuk 3. Multilevel-analyse in SAS ................................................................................................. 102
Fase 1: Voorbereiding .............................................................................................................................. 102
Stap 1: Databeheer ............................................................................................................................. 102
1. Country numeriek maken ................................................................................................................. 102
2. Verschillende soorten databeheer ................................................................................................... 104
3. Databeheer Type 1 level 2: variabelen aanmaken op landniveau ................................................... 104
4. Databeheer Type 1 level 1: dummificeren individueel niveau (zie deel 1) ...................................... 111
5. Databeheer Type 2: Centreren en standaardiseren ......................................................................... 112
6. Databeheer afsluiten ........................................................................................................................ 115
Fase 2: Variantie component/decompositie modellen ........................................................................... 116
Stap 2: Null random intercept model ................................................................................................. 116
Stap 3: Random intercept met Level-1 predictoren ........................................................................... 120
Stap 4: Random intercept met level 1 én level 2 variabelen (toevoegen van Level-2 predictoren aan
stap 3) 124
Fase 3: Random slopes testen ................................................................................................................. 128
Stap 5: Testen van random slopes met level 1 predictoren ............................................................... 128
Stap 6: Testen significante random slopes level 1 .............................................................................. 132
Stap 7: Testen random slopes met level 2 predictoren ...................................................................... 134
Stap 8: Reduceren van parameters in variantie-covariantie .............................................................. 136
Samevatting vorige fasen ............................................................................................................................... 140
Fase 4: Afwerking van het model ............................................................................................................ 141
Stap 9: Testen cross-level interacties ................................................................................................. 141
Stap 10: Wijzigen schattingsmethode en vergelijken modellen ........................................................... 148
Stap 11: Standaardiseren ...................................................................................................................... 154
DEEL 4: LONGITUDINALE ANALYSE (ZELFSTUDIE) ....................................................................156
Hoofdstuk 1. Definitie........................................................................................................................... 156
Claire Van Roey 3
, Hoofdstuk 2. Tekst: “A framework for Investigating Change over Time” ............................................... 156
2.1. Voorbeelden van longitudinaal onderzoek ...................................................................................... 156
2.1.1. Veranderingen in antisociaal gedrag tijdens adolescentie .......................................................... 156
2.1.2. Leesniveau bij kinderen ............................................................................................................... 158
2.1.3. Effectiviteit van Korte Termijn Angst-Provocerende Psychotherapie (STAPP) ............................ 158
2.2. Twee typen vragen omtrent verandering ........................................................................................ 159
2.2.1. Level 1: interne verandering van het individuen ......................................................................... 159
2.2.2. Level 2: individuele verschillen in verandering ............................................................................ 159
2.3. drie kenmerken van het onderzoeksdesign ..................................................................................... 159
2.3.1. +3 datagolven .............................................................................................................................. 159
2.3.2. Een zinvolle maatstaf voor tijd .................................................................................................... 160
2.3.3. Een continue uitkomst waarvan de waarden systematisch veranderen doorheen de tijd ......... 160
2.4. Twee organisaties van data .............................................................................................................. 161
2.5. Descriptieve analyse van individuele verandering doorheen de tijd ............................................... 162
Hoofdstuk 3. Designs voor Longitudinale data ...................................................................................... 163
3.1. Retrospectieve designs..................................................................................................................... 163
3.2. Panel designs .................................................................................................................................... 163
3.3. Administratieve datakoppeling ........................................................................................................ 163
Hoofdstuk 4. Subjecten in longitudinale data (Steekproeven en attritie)............................................... 164
4.1. Doelpopulatie ................................................................................................................................... 164
4.2. Initiële steekproef ............................................................................................................................ 164
4.3. Initiële non respons .......................................................................................................................... 164
4.4. Longitudinale opvolgregels .............................................................................................................. 165
4.5. Soorten steekproefeenheden .......................................................................................................... 165
4.6. Soorten huishoudens ....................................................................................................................... 165
4.7. Attritie en wave non respons ........................................................................................................... 165
Hoofdstuk 5. Soorten longitudinale analyses ........................................................................................ 166
5.1. Analyse naar verandering over de tijd (change models) .................................................................. 166
5.2. Analyse naar de timing van een gebeurtenis (event history models) .............................................. 166
5.3. Voorbeelden van longitudinale analyses ......................................................................................... 166
Hoofdstuk 6. Causaliteit........................................................................................................................ 168
6.1. Voorwaarden om van causaliteit te (kunnen) spreken .................................................................... 168
6.2. Problemen met causaliteit ............................................................................................................... 168
6.2.1. In cross-sectionele designs .......................................................................................................... 168
6.2.2. In panel designs ........................................................................................................................... 169
6.2.3. In retrospectieve designs............................................................................................................. 170
6.3. Besluit: causaliteit en data ............................................................................................................... 171
Claire Van Roey 4
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