UCLA Ling 1 Final Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers

UCLA Ling 1 Final Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers language as a TOOL - answerSpeakers encode meanings into sounds, Listeners decode speech sounds (or hand shapes) into meaning language as a type of KNOWLEDGE - answerYou have a finite set of building blocks and rules. You know how to use them. This is unconscious knowledge. You understand the inventory of sounds in your language: Phonetics. You understand the sound patterns in your language, what sequences are possible: Phonology. lexicon - answeryour mental dictionary, you know words that are not in any written dictionary, and may never be morphology - answerthe "rules" that allow you construct words syntax - answerHow to build good PHRASES and SENTENCES semantics - answerMeanings of words and how to use them Education? - answerBeing a fully competent native speaker of a language is independent of educational level. Being more (or less) educated does not make a person a "better" (or "worse") native speaker. linguistic competence - answerWhat you know in your mind What you can do Systematic linguistic performance - answerWhat actually comes out of your mouth What you do do Subject to physical limitations such as breath, fatigue, nerves, etc. Slips of the Tongue are performance errors. Features of Language - answer1. Arbitrariness: The relationship between a word and its meaning is arbitrary. (This is why the sounds used to name the same object vary across languages.) 2. Creativity: Speakers use a finite set of building blocks and rules to create and understand an infinite set of novel sentences. (Sentences cannot simply be memorized or learned by imitation.) Creativity is a universal property of human language. Language Universals - answer-All languages have ways of forming questions. -All languages have means for negating an utterance. -All languages have means for indicating when an action takes place. -All languages possess a set of discrete sounds (or gestures). -All languages permit displacement—the ability the talk about things other than the here and now. -All languages exhibit stimulus-freedom, the ability to say anything at all—including nothing— in any circumstances. descriptive grammar - answerlinguist's description or model of the mental grammar What speaker's rules actually are speaker's grammar linguist's grammar prescriptive grammar - answerrules of grammar (often based on Latin) used by teachers What speaker's rules should be lateralization - answerlanguage is "lateralized" to the left hemisphere Without access to the left cerebral hemisphere, normal language processing cannot occur. Dichotic Listening Tests - answerDifferent sounds are played in both ears Subject reports hearing only one Sound from right ear is almost always reported Conclusion: at least auditory processing of language seems to be in the left hemisphere Split Brain Patients - answerIn severe cases of epilepsy, the corpus callosum is sometimes severed As a result, the two hemispheres can not share information Linguistic responses are not possible if stimulus was presented to the right hemisphere (left visual field). Wada Tests - answerOne hemisphere of a patient's brain is temporarily put to sleep. Patient then asked to read words &/or numbers, identify objects, & respond to questions. Result? An inability to produce language when left side is anesthetized. aphasia - answera disruption in language abilities (production and/or comprehension) due to brain injury Tan's Brain - answerPatient named Louis Victor Lebourgne, but nicknamed 'Tan'. His utterances were limited to a single syllable, "tan", usually twice. Couldn't produce language. 1861: Paul Broca examined Tan's Brain (post-mortem). Came to the conclusion that the loss of language ability was linked to the local damage in "Broca's area". Broca's aphasia - answerSpeech is broken and halted (telegraphic speech) Words make some sense, but the structure is incorrect a.k.a. agrammatic aphasia Comprehension in Broca's aphasics is mostly in tact, but there are problems with complex sentences Lesions found in particular part of the LH (frontal lobe) Semantics (meaning): Okay Syntax (structure): Not okay Comprehension: Mostly OK Writing: Few words, but they do make sense. wernicke's aphasia - answerspeech is fluent, but doesn't make much sense •grammar usually not affected •problem w/ word choice and meaning •Neologisms-newly created words •comprehension severely impaired •a.k.a. semantic aphasia