Pathophysiology: A Practical Approach Chapter
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1). Active transport
Ans: The movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of
higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.
2). Adaptation
Ans: Method by which cells attempt to prevent their own death from environmental
changes. They may modify their size, numbers, or types in an attempt to manage these
changes and maintain homeostasis.
3). Allele
Ans: One gene that may have many variants, which determine a characteristic.
4). Anaphase
Ans: Phase of mitosis in which chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
5). Anaplasia
Ans: The loss of differentiation that occurs with cancer.
6). Apoptosis
Ans: Mechanism of programmed cell death that occurs because of morphologic
changes in cells.
7). Atrophy
Ans: State that occurs because of decreased work demands on a cell. When cellular
work demands decrease, the cells decrease in size and number.
8). Autosomal dominant
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, Ans: Type of disorder in which a single gene mutation is passed from an affected
parent to an offspring regardless of sex. Autosomal dominant disorders occur with
homozygous and heterozygous allele pairs.
9). Autosomal recessive
Ans: Type of disorder in which single gene mutations are passed from an affected
parent to an offspring regardless of sex, but they occur only in homozygous allele pairs.
10). Autosome
Ans: A paired set of chromosomes in DNA.
11). Benign
Ans: Near-normal, differentiated condition of a cell or tumor, which causes fewer
problems than an abnormal cell or tumor. Benign cells are usually encapsulated and are
unable to metastasize.
12). Cancer
Ans: The disease state associated with uncontrolled cellular growth. Key features
include rapid, uncontrolled proliferation and a loss of differentiation.
13). Carcinogenesis
Ans: The process by which cancer develops. It occurs in three phases: initiation,
promotion, and progression.
14). Caseous necrosis
Ans: Type of necrosis that occurs when the necrotic cells disintegrate, but the cellular
debris remains for months or years.
15). Cell membrane
Ans: The semipermeable boundary containing the cell and its components.
16). Chromosome
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