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Brooks Biodiversity Unit 2 Exam Questions & Answers!!

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Brooks Biodiversity Unit 2 Exam Questions & Answers!!
The Primary role of Fungi - ANSWER-Decomposers- they break things down
Modes of Nutrition in Fungi - ANSWER-Heterotrophs with extracellular digestion
Exoenzymes - ANSWER-Fungi Release these enzymes outside of the cell wall. Break down complex molecules into smaller organic molecules which can be absorbed.
Extracellular Digestion - ANSWER-The release of exoenzymes out side of the cell wall, followed by the absorption of nutrients..
Saprobes - ANSWER-Fungi that feed on non-living/dead organisms
Symbionts - ANSWER-Fungus that lives with another living organism (form a symbiotic relationship)
Mutualism in Fungi - ANSWER-both organisms benefit, neither is harmed.
Ex: Lichens - fungi and algae (cyanobacteria)
Ex: Mycorrhizae - fungi and plant roots
Commensalism - ANSWER-One organism benefits, the other is unharmed
Parasitism - ANSWER-One organism benefits, the other is harmed
Examples of Parasitism in Fungi - ANSWER-Ex: Fungus as a human parasite (Athelete's Foot)
Ex: Fungus as a plant parasite
1. black stem rust on wheat
2. ergots on rye
3. strawberries with botrytis mold
4. pink ear rot of corn
Black Stem Rust - ANSWER-Parasitic relationship with fungus and plant. Occurs on wheat
Ergots - ANSWER-Parasitic relationship with fungus and plant that occurs on rye and gives hallucinogenic sensations
Botrytis Mold - ANSWER-Parasitic relationship with fungus and plants that occurs on strawberries Fungi Characteristics - ANSWER-1. Heterotrophic
2. Extracellular Digestion
3. Chitin-Based Cell wall
4. Most fungi are made up of filaments called Hyphae
Hyphae - ANSWER-filaments (long and branching) that make up the structure of a fungus
In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth Hyphae are Septate or Coenocytic
Yeast - ANSWER-Yeast is a unicellular fungi and do not have/grow hyphae MOST FUNGI ARE MULTICELLULAR, BUT YEAST IS UNICELLULAR
Septate - ANSWER-You can see the cell separation because the nuclei are confined in and separated by cell walls
Think "separate"
Coenocytic - ANSWER-You cant see the cell separation. It is multinucleated meaning that there are multiple nuclei not separated by a cell wall
Thallus/Mycelium - ANSWER-collectively refers to a bunch of hyphae that together make up the body of the fungus
Hyphae (smallest unit) make up the mycelium (entire fungus body)
Haustoria - ANSWER-The hyphal tip of a parasitic fungus that penetrates the cell of other organisms (the host)
After penetration these specialized hyphae release enzymes that break down the cell wall, thus allowing greater potential movement of organic carbon from host to fungus.
What is Fungi Most closely related to? - ANSWER-Fungi have cell walls and fruiting bodies, so were originally thought to be plants. However, they are most closely related to animals
Fungi Nuclei - ANSWER-Most fungi cells have 2 nuclei
Mitosis - ANSWER-Has NO prerequisite for cell division, all it needs is a nucleus. What you start with is what you end with (identical nuclei and identical DNA)
Meiosis - ANSWER-Cell must be a diploid (2n) Process of nuclear division which the ploidy of the parent cell is halved
3 Types of Meiosis - ANSWER-Zygotic - Phylum Zygomycota
Gametic - Usually in animals
Sporic - Usually in plants Ploidy - ANSWER-Number of sets of chromosomes present in a nucleus
Haploid - 1 set
Diploid - 2 sets
(Humans have 23 different kinds of chromosomes in each cell and 46 chromosomes in total)
Syngamy - ANSWER-synthesis of the games
Composed of 2 parts:
1. Plasmogamy
2. Karygamy
There are morphological differences between the two individuals (gametes) that engage
in syngamy.
How do fungi reproduce? - ANSWER-Both sexually through meiosis and asexually through mitosis
Asexual Reproduction - ANSWER-Haploid spores produced (n) Spores produced are the same as original fungus because they are produced through mitosis. Generally occurs when conditions are good because fungus is well adapted to environment so it can just reproduce itself without needing modifications to survive.
Sexual Reproduction - ANSWER-Haploid spores produced (n), however spores are different from the original fungus because they are produced by meiosis. Generally happens with an extreme change in the environment, which makes sense because it would require genetic variation to adapt to these new conditions.
What is the benefit of asexual reproduction? - ANSWER-To remove bad genes
What is the benefit of sexual reproduction - ANSWER-To create genetic variation which reduces the possibility of extinction
Are there males and females in fungi? - ANSWER-No. They are known as "+" or "-"
Sexual Dimporhism - ANSWER-Fungi are characterized by Sexual Dimorphisim. Basically, there are morphological differences between the cells of sexes (males and females) of the same species. Examples include differences in morphology, size, ornamentation, and behavior.
Heterokaryon - ANSWER-Heterokaryon hyphae produced - have 2 OR MORE nuclei resulting from fusion of hyphae (n + n)
Dikaryon - ANSWER-Dikaryon hyphae - possess 2 genetically different nuclei in each cell (n + n)
What is the difference between heterokaryon and dikaryon? - ANSWER-The number of nuclei. Heterokaryon can have more than two nuclei, however dikaryon is precisely two.

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