NCE National Counseling Exam
Psychoanalytic Theory Theorists
Sigmund Freud
Adlerian Theory Theorists
Alfred Adler, Rudolf Dreikers
Existential Theory Theorists
Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom
Person-Centered Theorists
Carl Rogers
Gestalt Theory Theorists
Fritz and La...
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NCE National Counseling Exam
Psychoanalytic Theory Theorists
Sigmund Freud
Adlerian Theory Theorists
Alfred Adler, Rudolf Dreikers
Existential Theory Theorists
Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom
Person-Centered Theorists
Carl Rogers
Gestalt Theory Theorists
Fritz and Laura Perls, Miriam and Erving Polster
Behavior Theory Theorists
B.F. Skinner, Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura
Cognitive Behavioral Theorists
A.T. Beck, Judith Beck, Donald Meichenbaum
Rational Emotive Therapy Theorists
Albert Ellis
Reality Therapy Theorists
William Glasser, Robert Wubbolding
Feminist Therapy Theorists
Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Olivia Espin, Laura Brown
Solution Focused Brief Therapy Theorists
Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg
Narrative Therapy Theorists
Michael White, David Epston
Family Systems Therapy Theorists
Alfred Adler, Murray Bowen, Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker, Salvador Minuchin, Jay Haley, Cloe
Madanes
Psychoanalytic Therapy Description
,A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy
that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the first 6 years of
life as determinants of later development of personality. Uses analysis of word association, dream
and fantasy interpretation.
Adlerian Therapy Description
The 4 Stages of Adlerian Therapy
He believed that it was imperative to become intimately familiar with a person's social context by
exploring factors such as birth order, lifestyle, and parental education. Adler believed that each
person strives to belong and feel significant.
An Adlerian therapist assists individuals in comprehending the thoughts, drives, and emotions that
influence their lifestyles. People in therapy are also encouraged to acquire a more positive and
productive way of life by developing new insights, skills, and behaviors. These goals are achieved
through the four stages of Adlerian therapy:
1. Engagement: A trusting therapeutic relationship is built between the therapist and the person in
therapy and they agree to work together to effectively address the problem.
2. Assessment: The therapist invites the individual to speak about his or her personal history, family
history, early recollections, beliefs, feelings, and motives. This helps to reveal the person's overall
lifestyle pattern, including factors that might initially be thought of as insignificant or irrelevant by the
person in therapy.
3. Insight: The person in therapy is helped to develop new ways of thinking about his or her situation.
4. Reorientation: The therapist encourages the individual to engage in satisfying and effective actions
that reinforce this new insight, or which facilitate further insight.
Existential Therapy Description
This model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the
freedom and responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the
person-to-person therapeutic relationship.
Person-Centered Therapy Description
This approach was developed in the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on
a subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in
dealing with problems and concerns. Is non-directive and often uses reflection from the therapist to
assist the person in increasing awareness and promoting self-actualization.
Gestalt Therapy
An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew in reaction against analytic
therapy. It integrates the functioning of the body and mind.
Behavior Therapy Description
This approach applies the principles of learning (classical and operant conditioning) to the resolution
of specific behavioral problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this
approach are always in the process of refinement.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Description
This approach gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Focuses on teaching a person
how to identify their thinking errors and replace them with positive thinking.
Belief that people have automatic thoughts which are spontaneous negative cognitive distortions that
influence behavior
,Three categories of cognitive distortions: negative thoughts about 1) self, 2) world, 3) future
Negative thoughts can be identified, evaluated, and replaced then that would change behavior
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Description
REBT affirms human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes,
and thinking, never by events themselves. Consequently changing one's thinking leads to an
emotional and behavioral change.
Based upon:
• Emotions and Cognitions - focuses on the root not just the thought
• Unconditional Acceptance (UA) - accepting flaws in self and others and life realities
• Secondary Disturbance - disturbing yourself about your disturbance
• Helpful Negative Emotions - some negative emotions are good
• Anger is inappropriate - can always be expressed in other ways
Reality Therapy
This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility
in the present. Through the therapeutic process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of
meeting her or his needs.
Feminist Therapy Description
A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the
constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach
explores women's identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-
being.
Postmodern Therapy Description
Social construction, solution focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no
single truth; rather, it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These
approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.
Family Systems Therapy Description
This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is
understanding and working with the family.
Henry Murray's Personality Theory
Personality is influenced by our needs:
Primary Needs: Biological needs
Secondary Needs: Psychological or emotional needs
Karen Horney's Theory of Neurosis
Believed that neurosis was the result of anxiety due to interpersonal relationships.
, Strategies to cope with anxiety:
1. Need for affection and approval
2. Need for a partner who will take over one's life
3. Need to restrict one's life with narrow borders
4. Need for power
5. Need to exploit others
6. Need for prestige
7. Need for personal admiration
8. Need for personal achievement
9. Need for self-sufficiency and independence
10. Need for perfection and unassailability
Karen Horney's 3 Categories of Neurotic Needs
The 10 neurotic needs can be classified into three broad categories:
1. Needs that move you towards others - Individuals to seek validation and acceptance from others
but it can be viewed as being needy.
2. Needs that move you away from others - this can appear as hostile or antisocial behavior - can be
seen as cold or indifferent
3. Needs that move you against others - takes the form of hostility and is viewed as controlling - often
described as difficult, mean or controlling
Big Five Dimensions of Personality
Conscientiousness (thoughtfulness, impulse control, goal-directedness, organized, detailed)
Agreeableness (trust, altruism, kindness, affection, prosocial behaviors)
Neuroticism (emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, sadness)
Extraversion (excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, emotional expressiveness)
Openness (imagination, insight, broad range of interests)
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
Marsha Linchan created this bio-social theory regarding borderline personality disorder. She believed
a person develops this disorder due to invalidating environments.
David Kolb's Learning Theory
4 learning styles:
1. The Converger - high ability in Abstract Conceptualization and Active Experimentation - highly
skilled in the practical application of ideas
2. The Diverger: high ability in Concrete Experience and Reflective Observation - tend to look at the
'big picture' and organizing smaller bits of information into a meaningful whole - emotional and
creative
3. The Assimilator - high ability in Abstract Conceptualization and Reflective Observation -
understanding and creating theoretical models - planning and research
4. The Accommodator - high ability in Concrete Experience and Active Experimentation - doers, enjoy
performing experiments and carrying out plans in the real world - greatest risk takers
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