NSCI 175 FINAL (ALL LEARNING OBJECTIVES) EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS A| 2024/2025 Exam PREDICTIONS|ND ANSWERS, GRADED A+

NSCI 175 FINAL (ALL LEARNING OBJECTIVES) EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, GRADED A+ Explain the reductionist approach - -Breaking the topic of neuroscience down into smaller pieces (Cognitive, Behavior, Systems, Cellular, Molecular). Pros: can be more detailed; get a better explanation of the topics Cons: can bterm-0e hard to see the big picture Compare different levels of analysis in neuroscience research (molecular, cellular, systems, behavioral, and cognitive neuroscience) - -Molecular- looking at the molecules that bind to receptors and how that can change the receptors Cellular- how molecules work together to give neurons their special properties. How do neurons communication? What are their different functions? Different types of neurons? etc Systems- how different neural circuits analyze information, form perceptions, make decisions, and execute movement Behavioral- how do neural systems work to provide integrated behavior? Cognitive- neural mechanisms required for higher level mental activity, such as self-awareness, imagination, and memory. Describe the four essential steps in the scientific process with examples - -1. Observation- making a hypothesis and observing results 2. Replication- replicating your previous findings 3. Interpretation- what we think it means 4. Verification- getting other people to verify that this experiment works. A single experiment doesn't prove anything; it provides support for a hypothesis or theory Explain the importance of animal research in the field of neuroscience - -Most of the research in this field is on animals. Humane treatment: Animal Welfare Act and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Explain what Golgi and Cajal disagreed about - -The neuron doctrine vs. the reticular theory Whether neuronal communication is continuous or not. Interconnected set of tubes (Golgi) or separate cells that communicate extracellularly (Cajal) Explain the Neuron Doctrine - -The brain is composed of independent cells. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses. Every neuron is a separate cell, not continuous with one another. Explain how histological procedures contributed to the advancement of neuroscience - - Microscopes and staining were used to visualize the cells. Cajal used the Golgi stain. Cajal did the drawings and drew in the gaps. Diagram a neuron and label its components - -From left to right: dendrites, soma, axon hillock, axon and myelin sheath, axon terminals Describe the function of each component of the neuron - -Dendrites- usually many per neuron, diameter tapering progressively toward ending, no hillock-like region, no myelin sheath, often much shorter than axons Axons- usually one per neuron with many terminal branches, uniform start until start of terminal branching, has a hillock, usually covered in myelin, ranging from practically nonexistent to several meters long. Soma- where most of the metabolic activity happens Axon terminals- where neurotransmitters are released Microfiliments- skeleton draped with membrane. Not static, can change and move Detail the ways in which neurons are specialized for communication - -Th