History for the IB Diploma Paper 2 Authoritarian States (20th Century)
With these notes, I was able to attain a grade 7 in HL History during the 2018 November IB Exam Session. A grade 7 is the highest score attainable for this subject.
This set of notes will be relevant to those taking IB HL AND SL History PP2 - Authoritarian States. It specifically focuses on the c...
Hitler's Germany: Consolidating and Maintaining Power
Nazi Regime (Hitler's Germany)
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IB HL History PP2: Authoritarian States – Consolidation/Maintenance/Policies
1) Consolidation of Power - This took place for Hitler from 1933-1934, during the time where he was a Chancellor before he became
Fuhrer. However, this took place for Mao in the early years of his reign (1949-1), as he had already established himself as the
unquestionable leader of the People’s Republic of China in October 1949. Therefore, the extent to which both leaders used diferent
methods to consolidate their power difer.
a. Methods used to Consolidate Power
Method of Hitler Mao
Consolidation
Legal Means Hitler used legal means as his main The extent to which Mao used legal methods to
means of consolidating his power. Now consolidate power was lesser as compared to Hitler,
that he had been appointed Chancellor as he had already established himself as the
(1933), he was able to enact laws that unquestionable leader of the PRC. However, there
would safeguard his position of power and was a need for him to establish the structure of
for the Nazi regime. He used this method government in such a way that would allow for
to dissolve the democratic system of democratic centralism to be carried out. He also
government, to eradicate all political needed to develop systems that will enforce
opponents, and to assume total control of conformity and total allegiance to the CCP.
Germany.
The systems that were established were that of:
He enacted the: - The Registration System
“Decree of the Reich President for the - The registration system consisted of 3 sections that
, Protection of the Nation and State” (Deb controlled people’s right to employment and
1933) to suspend people’s personal housing based on their class background and their
freedoms after the outbreak of the dedication to the regime.
Reichstag Fire. He had in fact, persuaded - Dan Wei: A job permit
Hindenburg to pass this law in the name - Hu Kou: A certificate for family accommodation
of Article 48. - Danggan: Dossier held by local party ofcials
containing personal details and record of every
Enabling Act – ‘Law for Terminating the individual.
Sufering of the People and the Nation.’ - This became the chief means by which the CCP
The law gave Hitler the right to pass laws could maintain their control over the Chinese, as
and decrees without the President’s or they controlled each citizen’s right to employment,
Reichstag’s consent, and gave emergency housing, pensions and freedoms.
powers to the government for 4 years. - Based on their loyalty to the Party, their household
This act was key in allowing Hitler to would be given a “good”, “middle” or “bad” class
consolidate his rule, as he now could pass name.
laws that were favourable to the Nazi - Any deference from the CCP’s ideology and regime
party, and laws that would safeguard his will result in the removal of these rights. The
position of power, undermining household would be given a “bad” class label, which
democracy. would impact their children’s lives as their children
would inherit the same status as the head of their
Law Against the Formation of New Parties household.
(June 1933) and the Law for the - This ensured conformity amongst the population.
Restructuring of the state (Jan 1934)
turned Germany into a one-party state by The Structure of the PRC
forcing the Reichstag to dissolve, and by - Furthermore, the structure of the PRC allowed for
forcing the Communist Party (KPD) and power to radiate out from the centre, and to ensure
Socialist Party (SPD) to dissolve. Doing so conformity evenly throughout China.
put all governmental powers in the Nazi - China was divided into 6 regions. Each was
Party, and Hitler himself. governed by a chairman, party secretary, military
commander and political commissar. The last 2
Such measures eradicated most of Hitler’s posts filled by ofcers from the People’s Liberation
opponents, which allowed him to declare Army. This put China under military control and
himself Fuhrer by April 1934 with little constant Party surveillance.
opposition to it. - Having such a big presence of the Party in these 6
regions ensured conformity amongst the Chinese.
The Structure of the Government enabled the CCP to
carry out democratic centralism.
- The CCP Secretariat (made up of 6 members) had
control over the CCP Politburo Standing Committee,
, which had control over the CCP Politburo. The CCP
Politburo commanded the CCP Central Committee.
- The CCP Secretariat also had control over the
diferent departments of government such as the
CCP Central Propaganda Department, the CCP Policy
Research Ofce, etc.
- Furthermore, by 1952, the CCP had eradicated other
political parties, and had turned China into a one-
party state.
- Hence, such legal measures allowed Mao to
transform China into a state that answered the CCP,
and the CCP only.
The use of violence: Hitler used violence to consolidate his rule Mao used violence to consolidate his rule within the
within the party, and to ensure that no PRC, and also on the outskirts of the PRC – notably
Both leaders used this one rivals him within the party. in Xinjiang and Tibet.
to diferent extents in He conducted the Night of the Long The PLA conducted two military operations in
order to unify and Knives (30th June 1934) – a purge of the Xinjiang and Tibet in an attempt to unify these two
consolidate their rule. SA. provinces under CCP rule.
The leader, Rohm, had been thought to 13th October 1949: 100,000 troops were sent into
Hitler used violence in unite the SA and the German Army under Xinjiang to set up reunification campaigns to
the form of political his rule, which posed a significant threat cultivate Han culture in place of Xinjiang’s
violence to consolidate to Hitler’s hold on power as a future traditional Islamic culture.
rule within his own Fuhrer. 7th October 1950: 40, 000 troops were sent to Tibet
party rather than for There were also rumours that some of the and carried out similar reunification campaigns to
the country, whereas SA men were engaging in homosexual destroy Tibetan culture.
Mao used military activities – a belief that the Nazi party Both provinces had little military backing, and were
violence and political does not buy into. They were a threat to overrun by the PLA, leaving them with little choice
violence to consolidate the Nazi party, as such a revelation – if but to answer to the CCP.
rule throughout the released to the public – would have On top of these military operations, mass killings
country, and in areas devastating backlashes on the party’s were conducted in Shanghai and Guangzhou.
that were not directly control over the people. 130,000 bandits were rounded and killed in
under the CCP’s Hence, Hitler decided that the SA needed Guangzhou, 28, 000 in Shanghai.
control. to be purged. Those that were a threat to Moreover, Mao also conducted inner party purges
Hitler and the Nazi Party were either akin to that of the Night of the Long Knives.
thrown in jail or put to death by the SS He dismissed Gao Gang and his assistant, Rao Shu-
men. Rohm was shot to death. shi, for attempting to stage a power struggle
This instilled fear in the Nazi party and between Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai. This was
reinstated Hitler’s position as the significant as Gao held one of the most powerful
unquestionable and undeniable leader of posts in the CCP’s body in the 1950s – he was a
the Nazi Party Politburo member, one of the six vice-chairmen of
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