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Samenvatting Besturingssystemen

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  • Course
  • Besturingssystemen
  • Institution
  • Hogeschool Gent (HoGent)

Zeer uitgebreide samenvatting Besturingssystemen. Bevat geen oefeningen voor Windows en/of Linux. Compleet met uitgebreide inhoudstafel. Verbetering tegenover het gebruik van slides.

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Document information

  • January 8, 2019
  • 51
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

Subjects

  • linux
  • windows
  • besturingssystemen
  • tin
  • bs
  • hogent
  • ti

Written for

  • Hogeschool Gent (HoGent)
  • Toegepaste informatica
  • Besturingssystemen
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By: milands99 • 4 year ago

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BESTURINGSSYSTEMEN
Academiejaar 2018 - 2019




Jakob Lierman
HoGent

,Jakob Lierman Besturingssystemen


Inhoud
INLEIDING .................................................................................................................................................. 8

WAT IS LINUX ........................................................................................................................................................... 8

AAN DE SLAG MET LINUX ............................................................................................................................................ 8

De terminal ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

Het Linux bestandssysteem.............................................................................................................................. 8

Oriëntatie in het bestandssysteem .................................................................................................................. 8

Met de shell leren werken ................................................................................................................................ 8

Enkele commando’s ....................................................................................................................................................... 8

Hulp (man pages) ........................................................................................................................................... 10

WAT IS EEN BESTURINGSSYSTEEM ............................................................................................................................... 10

Functies .......................................................................................................................................................... 10

Historisch overzicht ........................................................................................................................................ 10

Soorten besturingssystemen .......................................................................................................................... 11

Single-tasking ............................................................................................................................................................... 11

Multitasking (single-user) ............................................................................................................................................ 11

Multi-user-systemen .................................................................................................................................................... 11

Virtuele machines ........................................................................................................................................................ 12

Concepten van besturingssystemen .............................................................................................................. 12

Proces........................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Resources ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Concurrency ................................................................................................................................................................. 12

Ontwerp-criteria .......................................................................................................................................................... 13

Compromissen ............................................................................................................................................................. 13

SCHEDULING ............................................................................................................................................ 14


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,Jakob Lierman Besturingssystemen


NOODZAAK TOT SCHEDULING..................................................................................................................................... 14

DOELSTELLINGEN VAN SCHEDULING ............................................................................................................................ 14

UITVOEREN VAN EEN PROCES ..................................................................................................................................... 15

SYSTEEMBEELD VAN EEN PROCES ................................................................................................................................ 16

Procestoestand-diagram................................................................................................................................ 17

Procestoestanden ........................................................................................................................................................ 17

Toestandsovergangen.................................................................................................................................................. 17


Process Control Blocks (PCB) .......................................................................................................................... 18

Niveaus van scheduling.................................................................................................................................. 18

STRATEGIEËN VOOR LOW-LEVEL SCHEDULING................................................................................................................ 18

Round Robin scheduling (RR) ......................................................................................................................... 19

First-In-First-Out scheduling (FIFO) of First-Come-First-Served scheduling (FCFS) ........................................ 19

Multilevel feedback queues (MFQ) ................................................................................................................ 20

Shortest-Job-First scheduling (SJF) ................................................................................................................. 20

Starvation....................................................................................................................................................... 21

Samenvatting strategieën low-level scheduling ............................................................................................ 21

SCRIPTING IN LINUX ................................................................................................................................. 22

INLEIDING .............................................................................................................................................................. 22

Eigenschappen van een goed script ............................................................................................................... 22

Structuur van een shell script ......................................................................................................................... 22

Instructies bovenaan het script ................................................................................................................................... 22

Debuggen van een bash script ....................................................................................................................... 22

VARIABELEN EN PARAMETERS .................................................................................................................................... 23

Variabele koppelen ........................................................................................................................................ 23

Variabele aanroepen...................................................................................................................................... 23


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,Jakob Lierman Besturingssystemen


Soorten variabelen ......................................................................................................................................... 23

Constanten ................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Lokale variabelen ......................................................................................................................................................... 23

Omgevingsvariabelen .................................................................................................................................................. 23

Shell-variabelen ........................................................................................................................................................... 24


Werken met invoer......................................................................................................................................... 24

Positionele parameters ................................................................................................................................................ 24

Speciale parameters .................................................................................................................................................... 24

Commando substitution................................................................................................................................. 25

REGULIERE EXPRESSIES ............................................................................................................................................. 25

PROGRAMMEERBARE FILTERS .................................................................................................................................... 26

SED: Stream EDitor......................................................................................................................................... 26

Substitutieopdrachten.................................................................................................................................... 27

FLOW-CONTROL ...................................................................................................................................................... 28

Exit-status, exit............................................................................................................................................... 28

Return en test................................................................................................................................................. 28

File testers.................................................................................................................................................................... 29

File comparisons .......................................................................................................................................................... 30

String tests ................................................................................................................................................................... 30

Integer tests - operators .............................................................................................................................................. 30

If then else ...................................................................................................................................................... 30

Case ................................................................................................................................................................ 31

For .................................................................................................................................................................. 31

While / until ................................................................................................................................................... 31

REKENEN IN EEN SCRIPT ............................................................................................................................................ 32

FUNCTIES ............................................................................................................................................................... 32
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,Jakob Lierman Besturingssystemen


Waarden uit functie teruggeven .................................................................................................................... 32

OPTIES .................................................................................................................................................................. 33

Manueel parsen ............................................................................................................................................. 33

Grep parsen.................................................................................................................................................... 33

Getopts parsen ............................................................................................................................................... 34

CONCURRENCY – PARALLELLE PROCESSEN................................................................................................. 35

WAT IS CONCURRENCY? ........................................................................................................................................... 35

WEDERZIJDSE UITSLUITINGEN (MUTUAL EXCLUSION) ...................................................................................................... 35

Concurrency met meerdere processors ......................................................................................................... 35

Concurrency met één processor ..................................................................................................................... 35

Wederzijdse uitsluiting................................................................................................................................... 36

PROGRAMMEREN VAN WEDERZIJDSE UITSLUITINGEN ...................................................................................................... 36

Eerste poging ................................................................................................................................................. 36

Tweede poging ............................................................................................................................................... 36

Derde poging.................................................................................................................................................. 36

ALGORITME VAN DEKKER .......................................................................................................................................... 37

ALGORITME VAN PETERSON ...................................................................................................................................... 38

SEMAFOREN ........................................................................................................................................................... 39

Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................... 39

Sterke semaforen ........................................................................................................................................... 41

Implementatie semaforen ............................................................................................................................. 43

MONITOREN .......................................................................................................................................................... 44

SYNCHRONISATIE ..................................................................................................................................................... 44

DEADLOCK ............................................................................................................................................................. 44

Aspecten van deadlock .................................................................................................................................. 45

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,Jakob Lierman Besturingssystemen


Preventie ...................................................................................................................................................................... 45

Vermijding .................................................................................................................................................................... 45

Signalering.................................................................................................................................................................... 45

Herstel .......................................................................................................................................................................... 45

THREADS ............................................................................................................................................................... 46

PROCESSEN IN LINUX ................................................................................................................................ 47

WAT IS EEN PROCES? ............................................................................................................................................... 47

SOORTEN PROCESSEN ............................................................................................................................................... 47

Interactieve processen ................................................................................................................................... 47

Automatische (batch) processen ................................................................................................................... 47

Daemons ........................................................................................................................................................ 47

BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................................ 47

EIGENSCHAPPEN ..................................................................................................................................................... 48

INFORMATIE WEERGEVEN ......................................................................................................................................... 48

Korte info........................................................................................................................................................ 48

Uitgebreide info ............................................................................................................................................. 48

top commando ............................................................................................................................................... 49

pstree commando .......................................................................................................................................... 49

PROCESSEN BEHEREN ............................................................................................................................................... 49

Prioriteit veranderen ...................................................................................................................................... 50

PROCESSEN ONDERBREKEN........................................................................................................................................ 50

kill commando ................................................................................................................................................ 50

xkill commando .............................................................................................................................................. 50

PROCESSEN PROGRAMMEREN VOOR AUTOMATISCHE UITVOERING .................................................................................... 50

LEVENSCYCLUS ........................................................................................................................................................ 51


6

,Jakob Lierman Besturingssystemen


Proces aanmaken ........................................................................................................................................... 51

systemd .......................................................................................................................................................... 51

Proces beëindigen .......................................................................................................................................... 51




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,Jakob Lierman Besturingssystemen



Inleiding
Wat is Linux
Besturingssysteem ontwikkeld vanuit UNIX door Linus Torvalds.


Aan de slag met Linux

De terminal

# commando [-opties] [argument(en)]
# Bijvoorbeeld:
ls -l /etc


Het Linux bestandssysteem




Oriëntatie in het bestandssysteem

Absoluut pad: start vanaf de root en begint met een slash (/).
Relatief pad: start vanaf de huidige map.

Met de shell leren werken

Een shell is een programma dat wordt opgestart in een terminal venster.

Enkele commando’s

Werken met mappen:
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,Jakob Lierman Besturingssystemen


# Map aanmaken (meerdere namen mag)
mkdir

# Map verwijderen (enkel lege mappen) (meerdere namen mag)
rmdir

Werken met tekstbestanden:

# Laat de inhoud van een tekstbestand over het scherm lopen
cat

# Toon tekst in omgekeerde volgorde
tac

# Laat toe om de tekst scherm per scherm te bekijken
less

# Toont de eerste 10 lijnen
head

# Toont de laatste 10 lijnen
tail

# Tekstbestanden aanmaken
touch bestand1 bestand2

# Bestanden kopiëren
cp bronmap/bronbestand doelmap/doelbestand
# Enkele opties:
# -r recursive
# -v verbose

# Bestanden verplaatsen
mv bronmap/bronbestand doelmap/doelbestand
# Enkele opties:
# -i interactive
# -v verbose
# -f force

# Bestanden verwijderen
rm map/bestand
# Enkele opties:
# -r recursive
# -v verbose

Tekst zoeken in bestanden:

grep [opties] tekenreeks [bestanden]
# Enkele opties:
# -i --ignore-case
# -n --line-number
# -s --silent

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, Jakob Lierman Besturingssystemen


Zoeken:

# Zoeken op bestandsnaam
locate bestandsnaam
find zoekmap zoekoptie(s) [tests] [acties]

# Zoeken naar commando’s
which commandonaam


Hulp (man pages)

# Man page opvragen
man commando

Vaak ook bij het commando beschikbaar als optie --help.


Wat is een besturingssysteem
Besturingssysteem = programma dat het mogelijk maakt de hardware van een computer te
gebruiken.

Functies

- Opslaan en ophalen van informatie
- Programma’s afschermen
- Gegevensstroom regelen
- Prioriteiten regelen
- Het mogelijk maken om bronnen te delen
- Tijdelijke samenwerking tussen onafhankelijke programma’s mogelijk maken
- Reageren op fouten
- Tijdsplanning maken

Historisch overzicht

1e computers → Geen OS

Jaren 50 → Eenvoudig OS:

- Sequentieel opladen & opstarten v programma’s
- Alle bronnen bruikbaar door slechts 1 programma

Begin jaren 60 → Geavanceerder OS:

- Verscheidene programma’s konden tegelijk opgeslagen worden in geheugen
- Beurtelingse uitvoering programma’s
- Gemeenschappelijke bronnen


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