Unit 2F.2 - South Africa, 1948-94: from apartheid state to -rainbow nation'
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Edexcel AS/A Level History, Paper 1&2
Essay plan for the South Africa module of A level History edexcel on the ANC including full introductions and conclusions. I got an A* in a level history
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PEARSON (PEARSON)
History 2015
Unit 2F.2 - South Africa, 1948-94: from apartheid state to -rainbow nation'
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How accurate is it to say that the ANC made litle progress between 1965 and 1975? (20)
Certainly, the ANC did not progress towards the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s as much
as they had done previously with the failure of the Wankie and Sipolio campaigns and hostlity within
the organisatonn owever, there were some events which suggest progress such as the establishment
of the ANC overseas and a decision made to make the group open to ‘all races’n In order to evaluate
whether progress was made, it’s important to look at changes in the ANC over tme, what their aims
were and what they were able to achieven It is clear when looking at these factors that it is accurate to
say that the ANC made litle progress between 1965 and 1975n
1n Wankie and Sipolio Campaigns
- MK was forced abroad to train because of the banning of the ANC
- They tried to gain access to SA via Rhodesia but were destroyed by Rhodesian forces
- Both campaigns were failures and they were unable to achieve their aims
- In additon to this, the failure led to MK being forced out of Zambia where they had been
based
2n ostlity within the organisaton
- Chris ani and the ani Memo
- Differences in what people thought was good leadership
- Memo accused leaders of ‘careerism’ and ‘globe-trotng’
- With hostlity and division within the organisaton, it was difcult for people to come to a
decision on what to do
3n ANC overseas
- The ANC established ofces all over the world, and London was a partcularly important
base (Tambo in exile)
- Nearly all African states were under black majority rule and partcularly Tanzania and
Zambia saw a lot of members of the ANC and MK
- BUT:
o There was a feeling that leadership was ‘globe-trotng’ rather than sortng the
situaton in South Africa
o The leader of Zambia told MK they couldn’t be based there afer Wankie and
Sipolio
4n A decision to diversify
- The ANC made the decision to become open to ‘all races’
- This meant they would accept help from coloured, Indian and white people (this decision
followed the success of the Congress Alliance
- BUT:
o Some people in the ANC disagreed with this decision and critcised the ANC
o They were expelled and created a rival group to the ANC
o This all meant that that there was internal confict making it harder to progress
In conclusion, it is clear that the ANC made litle progress between 1965 and 1975 because despite
some atempts to keep the ANC alive and relevant such as the decision to admit ‘all races’ and the
establishment of an overseas ANC, they were not completely successful as they led to division within
the ANC and problems emerged surrounding their ability to work abroadn On top of this, there were
other events which proved the failure of the ANC to achieve their aims, namely the Wankie and Sipolio
Campaignsn Possibly the factor which inhibited the progress of the ANC most though, was the hostlity
and division within the organisaton which held the ANC back and restricted their ability to progressn
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