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Summary Lectures Public International Law
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Werkgroep 3 International law + Case-law
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Book summary: International Law - Anders Henriksen
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Summary Lectures Public Internatinal LaaWeek 1
Subjects
1. Intriductin
2. Case:
Mr Ahmad (business man) had a dispute aith the DRC. He ibtained a judgement if
the ciurt in the DRC. The DRC aas firced ti pay Ahmad a certain amiunt. The DRC
refused ti pay. Ahmad actiely siught assets if the DRC ahich he ciuld seize and
sell in public. He fiund a priperty in The Hague, ianed by the DRC, ahich used ti be
the embassy if the DRC. Currently, it aas iccupied by squaters. Ahmad had the
judgement if the ciurt in the DRC recignized by a Dutch ciurt, hired a bailif
(deuraaarder) and cintnued ti seize the priperty. Hiaeier, the Minister if Justce
if the Netherlands prihibit the seizing if the building, because it aas recently used
as embassy if the DRC and ianed by the DRC, thus the Netherlands argued it did
nit haie jurisdictin.
This case shias that the laa dies nit stip at the biundaries if the territiry if the
Netherlands and rules if internatinal laa play an impirt rile in day ti day practce.
Issues ae aill discuss tiday:
What is the legal basis ti hear such a dispute betaeen Ahmad and the
Netherlands?
What is the legal basis fir a bailif ti seize a priperty and sell it?
Why aiuld such a sale cinfict aith the ibligatins if the Netherlands ti the
DRC.
2. Jurisdictin
1. Basis
2. Sovereignty: frim this principle all piaers if the states are deriied (piaers ti adjudicate, ti
enfirce and ti legislate). It is the fundamental legal basis frim ahich all piaers if the state
are deriied.
The principle if siiereignty aas iniented by Baudin, a French philisipher. The
French king aanted ti build a central state, independent frim the pipe, the nibility
and the city states. They all claimed piaers iier their territiry. In irder ti create an
absilute piaer if the king, the cincept if siiereignty aas iniented. This aird is
deriied frim Latn suprema potestas (the highest piaer, if ni ither piaer
dependant). By atributng siiereignty ti the French king, he had absilute piaer
and aiuld inly be acciuntable ti Gid.
In 1648 (Peace if Westphalia), the principle if siiereignty aas recignised fir the
first tme in internatinal afairs. States aere giien the highest piaers, they aere
nit hierarchically dependant in any ither piaer in the airld.
Since 1648 (birth if the midern state), the principle if siiereignty has played an
impirtant rile in the creatin if nea states. With this recignitin, came the
deielipment if the internatinal legal irder. The creatin if siiereign states meant
that these states had ti deal aith each ither (they aaged aar, traded, etc.). All
, these relatins had ti be regulated betaeen the siiereign states. By deieliping
these rules, an internatinal legal irder gradually deieliped. Ubi societas, ibi ius
(ahere a siciety is, there is laa: rules haie ti be deieliped ti regulate behaiiiur
betaeen siiereign states).
3. Statehood: subjects
A state is a legal persin, it inly exists in paper fir peiple ti di things tigether
(similar in the aay priiate persins create cirpiratins).
In irder ti qualify as a state, an entty has ti meet fiur requirements. These
requirements are cidified in the Minteiidei Cinientin (aanvullen met boek):
Territiry
Permanent pipulatin
Efectie giiernment
The capacity ti enter inti internatinal relatins: this requirement aas
intriduced ti indicate that parts if states (federatins such as the USA) di
nit qualify as states.
Recignitin if a state used ti be required, but this is nit the case anymire.
Niaadays, recignitin inly cinfirms that a state meets the fiur requirements: it
inly has declaratory efect. In theiry it aiuld be pissible that a state meets the fiur
criteria, but is nit recignised by any ither state in the airld. In practce, recignitin
cinfirms that a state meets the fiur criteria. This is ifen a mater if interpretatin.
Hia are states created?
The mist cimmin firm if the emergence if states niaadays is secession
(mist recently: Siuth Sudan, Catalinia is trying ti secede). Secessiin is ifen
justfied by the right if self-determinatin. This right, hiaeier, is ifen
abused.
This right dies nit autimatcally lead ti the creatin if a siiereign,
independent state. It inly stpulates that the rights if peiple must be
exercised aithin the frameairk if the state (internal self-determinatin).
External self-determinatin is inly pissible in exceptinal cases
(cilinialism).
Since 1648, states are the mist impirtant subjects if public internatinal laa due ti
the principle if siiereignty. There are, hiaeier, a number if ither subjects if
internatinal laa recignized in the ciurse if tme, fir example internatinal
irganizatins. They are created by states ti act in unity, ti airk tigether. Especially
afer 1945,, the establishment if internatinal irganizatins became impirtant. The
UN is cinsidered the mither if all internatinal irganisatins. ther impirtant
internatinal irganisatins are the EU, the WT .
There is ni laa ahich priiides fir the requirements ti establish an
internatinal irganisatin. Hiaeier, an internatinal irganisatin has ti
meet three criteria:
a) It must be fiunded in internatinal agreement (by states: this
distnguishes internatinal irganisatins frim NG s, ahi are nit
regarded as subjects if internatinal laa).
b) It is giierned by rules if internatinal laa
c) It has independent legal persinality: this allias the irganisatin ti
act independently in its ian name in internatinal afairs. It can hild
, and be held respinsible fir aringful acts, it can cinclude treates in
its ian name. fen, there is a specific priiisiin in the cinsttutie
dicument that the irganisatin has internatinal legal persinality
(e.g. the ICC in the Treaty if Rime). Befire the 1990s, these
priiisiins aere iery rare. If ni such priiisiin is included, the legal
persinality can be induced frim the intentins if the drafers if the
irganisatin (e.g. UN > Reparatoo for Iojuries > UN ciuld iniike
respinsibility if aringful act if Israel, because it qualified as a legal
persinality). This legal persinality must be distnguished frim legal
persinality under domestc laa (e.g. pissibility ti hire buildings).
Priiate indiiiduals are alsi subject in public internatinal laa.
The recignitin if siiereignty if states has tai cinsequences (zie hier iik
aerkgriepaantekeningen):
a) All siiereign states are equal: they haie the highest piaer, they are nit subject ti
any higher authirity. The internatinal legal irder is cimpletely hirizintally
structured.
b) Eiery state has domestic jurisdiction: absilute piaers aithin its ian territiry. This
explains ahy the ciurt in The Hague had the piaer ti handle the dispute betaeen
Mr. Ahmad and The Netherlands and ahy the bailif had the piaer the seize the
asset that aas indicated by Mr. Ahmad. This deriies directly frim the siiereignty if
the Netherlands.
The principle if siiereignty dies nit mean that a state has uolimited piaer. First, the
exercise if jurisdictin is limited ti the territiry if each state. Secindly, the exercise if
jurisdictin if states is limited bith aithin and iutside the territiry if each siiereign state
by rules if internatinal laa. This is because the exercise if jurisdictin may nit aith the
siiereign piaers if ither siiereign states. This is prihibited under internatinal laa.
4. Sources of international law
In the past, peiple belieied that rules if internal laa aere gid giien: natural laa.
They exist irrespectie if tme, place and cinsent.
Niaadays it is belieied that rules if internatinal laa are nit nature made, but
made by states by cinsentng ti its existence: public internatinal laa is alaays
positve laa.
Tai primary methids fir creatng rights and ibligatins under internatinal laa:
a) Treaties: dicuments in ahich states lay dian specific agreements. This
creates predictability and legal stability. Treates inly create rights and
ibligatins fir the partes that haie cinsented ti be biund by the treaty:
the scipe if each treaty is firmally limited. It is alsi tempirarily limited
(inly afer it has entered inti firce) and substantiely limited (inly the rights
and ibligatins that are specifically laid dian in the treaty).
b) Customary international law: custim is unariten laa and based in a ling
standing, aide standing practce if states accimpanied by a ciniictin if
states that a certain practce is ibligatiry ir required by internatinal laa.
The creatin if rules if custim is thus based in tai criteria:
Usus: general practce
Opioio iuris: accepted as laa
, Eiery state is biund by a rule if custimary laa.
Example: the laa if the sea used ti be unariten, it aas titally based in
unariten rules. In 195,8 these rules aere cidified in treates.
There are alsi ither siurces if internatinal laa (art. 38 Statute ICJ). This is a nin-
exhaustie list if fiie siurces if internatinal laa. There are alsi ither siurces if
internatinal laa, such as decisiins if internatinal irganisatins and unilateral
statements if states.
3. Scipe jurisdictin
The exercise if jurisdictin is limited first if all ti the territiry if each state, and secindly
the exercise if jurisdictin is limited by rules if internatinal laa. Ti determine the scipe if
jurisdictin, the three manifestatins if jurisdictins must be distnguished (inly the
limitatins aithin the territiry if the state are discussed):
1. Enforcement: enfircement piaers are limited by rules if internatinal laa in relatin ti
high ranking state ifcials representng ither states, as aell as the priperty if high ranking
ifcials and fireign states. High ranking fireign state ifcials are ioviolable: they cannit be
arrested, detained, and their priperty cannit be seized. This is a significant limitatin if the
siiereign piaers if a state. This is a ling lastng rule if internatinal custimary laa (Arrest
Warraot and Jurisdictooal Immuoites).
A secind categiry that is nit subject ti enfircement if states are diplimatc agents
if ither states. They are alsi iniiilable if the exercise if jurisdictin if the state in
ahich they reside. They cannit be arrested, detained, and the premises if the
diplimatc missiin cannit be entered aithiut the permissiin if the ambassadir if
that state (e.g. Assange). These are alsi rules if custimary laa, cidified in the
Vienna Cinientin in Diplimatc Relatins (see art. 22, 29 and 1).
2. Legislation: custimary laa alsi priscribes that high ranking ifcials if fireign states cannit
be subject ti certain legislatin if the state in ahich they reside, fir example incime
taxatin. They enjiy certain privileges under internatinal laa. Diplimats are, hiaeier,
subject ti all ither legislatie rules, e.g. trafc rules. They are nit subject ti the
enfircement, hiaeier, si they cannit be fined: they are iniiilable ti enfircement piaers.
3. Adjudication: the piaers if the ciurts are limited by rules if (custimary) internatinal laa.
The ciurts di nit haie jurisdictin ti hear ciiil ir criminal disputes in relatin ti fireign
states, fireign state ifcials, diplimatc agents and internatinal irganisatins. They enjiy
immuoites (aaovulleo met werkgroep).
A state is a legal persin and can therefire be subject if legal priceedings. Hiaeier,
because states are siiereign, they cannit be subjected ti the legal piaers if
anither state. This is a rule if custimary laa, cidified in the UN Cinientin in State
Immunity (2004). These nirms are binding fir all states. The main rule can be fiund
in art. 5,: states enjiy immunity frim the jurisdictin if fireign ciurts. In practce,
hiaeier, a number if exceptins can be identfied.
If a fireign state engages in nin-siiereign acts (acta iure gestinis) it dies
nit haie immunity, e.g. ahen engaging in cimmercial transactins (art. 2
and 10).
There are alsi ither exceptins (see biik and Cinientin).
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