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UCSB EEMB 2 Final Exam QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
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UCSB EEMB 2 Final Exam QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 Evolution the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth Lamarck -invertebrate zoology -first comprehensive theory of evolution - use/disuse model (giraffes) -inheritance of acquired characteristics -importance of environments Lyell "Principles of Geology" -countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, al l according to known natural laws -earth is ancient and develops slowly Malthus -pop growth will always overtake the food supply Cuvier comparative anatomy and extinction Hardy -Weinberg principle -Allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from gen to gen in the absence of other evolutionary influences To remain at H -W equilibrium 1. large breeding pop 2. random mating 3. no change in allele freq due to mutation 4. no immigration or emigration 5. no natural selection general equati on to calculate individual allele frequencies in a two -allele system (H -W) freqB = p = (2N[BB] + N[Bb])/2N *Bb will never be greater than 50% Effective population size size of population that can mate Extinction vortex mutual reinforcement occurs among bi otic + abiotic processes that drives a population to extinction Gene flow transfer of genetic variation from one pop to another mutational metdown accumulation of harmful mutations in a small pop --> loss of fitness + decline in pop size -caused by genetic drift negative/positive assortative mating neg: avoid mating with similar individuals pos: opposite ^ balancing selection multiple alleles are maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies higher than expected from genetic drift alone -could be due to heterozygote advantage, coevolutionary dynamics (other species exhibits a common trait in first species), negative assort mating, spatially (temporally fluctuating selection) -leads to negative frequency - dependent selection: allele more common decreases fitness Continuous variation variation in phenotypic traits that can't be grouped into discrete categories (ex. weight, height, etc) directional selection mode of natural selection, extreme phenotype favored over others: causes allele freq uency to shift over time ex. dark moths when smog increases disruptive selection -pushing for both extremes, but average may stay the same -mating with who you look like frequency -dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is i n the population -ex: if a predator loves large bunnies, there's pressure to be smaller -favored allele switches over time Types of selection on graphs Genetic equilibrium an allele or genotype in a pool where freq remains constant from gen to gen Heterozy gote advantage (over -dominance) heterozygous genotype has higher relative fitness to either homozygote ex. sickle cell selective sweepThe benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
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