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Summary - The Immune System in Health and Disease (5BBBI203)
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Summary of all lecture notes for exam revision. With these notes, I achieved a 1st in second year.
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ImmunologyRecognise
- Self vs Non-self
- Normal vs abnormal
- Danger vs innocuous
React
- Barriers to entry
- Inflammation
- Killing (Cytotoxicity)
Immune system must react proportionally to the danger, not overreact and cause more damage
,Immune system everywhere but the eyes
Immune response initiated in the lymph node then back to the injured tissue
The magnitude of the immune response is completely dependent on the magnitude of the attacking
pathogen – mount appropriate response
Innate –
Fast
“Not Antigen-specific”
“No memory”
Present since birth
Adaptive -
Slow
Antigen-specific
Memory
Develops in response to exposure to a foreign substance
Anatomical and chemical barriers
Lysosomes in tears – digestive enzyme
Removal of particles by mucus and beating cilia - Epithelia respiratory tract (respiratory cilia)
,Tight junctions in respiratory tract
Skin – physical barrier (fatty acid production inhibits microbes on skin, outcompeting Staphylococcus
aureus bacteria)
Low HCl pH - stomach
Outcompeting microbiome – gut – lactobacilli
, Cells of the immune system: innate
Phagocytes:
Monocyte -> Macrophage
Monocytes circulate in blood and mature intro macrophages in the tissues.
Phagocytosis, bactericidal, antigen presentation, cytokine production, tissue homeostasis.
One lobed nucleus
Engulf and destroy pathogens through the generation of reactive oxygen species
Macrophage produces chemokines to attract other immune cells to site of infection
Release of cytokines from macrophage - TNFa, IL-1b, IL-6 (IL-8, IL-12)
Effects:
- Up-regulates vascular adhesion molecules to direct cells to site of inflammation
- Increases vascular permeability
- Vasodilation
- Induce maturation of dendritic cells
Dendritic cells
Antigen uptake in periphery -> antigen presentation (professional)
Cytokine production.
Branch like projections
Present in tissue that have contact with the external environment (where antigens present)
(lining of nose, lungs stomach and intestines)
Present antigens to lymphocytes (adaptive immune cells) – attach on antigen
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