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Criminologica psychology complete summary

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a complete summary on criminological psychology, covering all points in the Edexcel specification. evaluation in terms of strengths and weaknesses for each explanation and treatment. highlighted key terminology. bullet points to aid recall. additional explanations/treatments supplied for use...

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  • April 15, 2024
  • 62
  • 2023/2024
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Available practice questions

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Some examples from this set of practice questions

1.

what is peer review ?

Answer: when experts in the same field evaluate a researcher\'s scientific work before it is formally published

2.

purpose

Answer: to ensure scientific work is of high quality

3.

function 1

Answer: researcher read others\' studies and keep in touch with new ways of thinking and arising scientific developments = knowledge grows through sharing of information

4.

function 2

Answer: studies submitted for publication are subjected to critical appraisal

5.

purpose of critical appraisal

Answer: acts as a brake to snure that poor quality research does not enter the public domain

6.

what is critical appraisal?

Answer: the process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness, and its value and relevance in a particular context.

7.

function 3

Answer: publication of research in scientific journals is an opportunity to share results and prevent incorrect/faulty data from entering in the public domain

8.

function 4

Answer: aid allocation of research funding as this is paid by the government and charitable bodies

9.

function 5

Answer: assess research rating of university departments in terms of quality (RAE)

10.

purpose of research rating

Answer: future funding depends on good ratings from RAE

CRIMINOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGY
___


Notes

Inter disciplines of psych., criminology + crim. justice

Studies offenders & offending bhv to improve investigation of crime by adding psych.
component

Crim. justice processes: identification & judgement, treatment programmes in community /
prisons to rehabilitate crim. + prevent recidivism

Investigate accuracy of eyewitness testimony & courtroom procedures

Bio expl.

BRAIN INJURY

Traumatic : directly as result of trauma on brain

Eg. accident, falls, illness (stroke/tumour)

Alcohol has toxic effect on CNS and interferes with absorption of vitamin B1 = impair balance +
decision-making = increase in fails / accidents injuring brain

Consequences dependent on area of brain injured

Personality / bhv untypical of person pre-trauma

Pre-frontal cortex most at risk from TBI (assess risk & determine appropriate (emotional)
response)

Damage PFC: aggr. response to “threat” = assault, social disorder offences

At young age: inability to learn appropriate social bhv & interpret bhv

,Supporting evidence

Williams et al. (2010): 60% 196 prisoners had traumatic brain injury due to falling, car
accidents, sports activities.

- Younger at entry into prison systems
- Higher rates of repeat offending

Injuries affect development of temperament, temperance (abstinence from drinking), social
judgement, control impulses

Greater risk-taking bhv =mL antisocial activity & criminality

Challenging evidence

Kreutzer et al. (1991): unable to prove / disprove cause-and-effect btw traumatic BI &
violence

20% of 74 patients arrested pre-injury , 10% post-injury

Most arrests after alcohol use / drugs

Criminal bhv result of post-injury changes eg. poor judgement

Substance abuse, TBI & crime interconnected but can’t say caused violence

Substance abuse most common in -35yrs old →legal difficulties & TBI

Without substance use history, TBI was not risk factor for criminal bhv

Other explanations

Other comorbid conditions = complex which contributes to offending bhv (multitude of factors)

Eg. substance misuse, pre-existing personality disorders, exposed to early violence

Usefulness

Scanning techniques =more info to support nature side of crim. bhv

Testability

,Correlational studies: can’t establish cause and effect




AMYGDALA

➢ Integrative centre for emotional response, bhv & motivation
➢ Fear conditioning
➢ +ve emotional learning
➢ Trigger fight or flight response
➢ Overrides rational part: lL think in rational manner
➢ Increased activity in right side = increased impulsive violent bhv
➢ Damage: unable to prevent acting spontaneously in aggr. way
➢ Poor development = issues with fear conditioning

Fail to learn -ve consequences of anti-social bhv = no fear of being caught & good bhv
pleasurable = problems with impulse control

Supporting evidence

Pardini et al. (2014):smaller in psychopathic personalities & high aggression evident from
childhood →3x mL to exhibit aggr., violence, psychopathic features 3yrs later

Amygdala size can predict future violence

Yu Gao (2010): fear conditioning in 1800 3yrs old in 1990 traced after 20 yrs

Crim. history failed to show fear conditioning in original testing

=deficits in amygdala at age 3 predicted crim. bhv at age 23

Raine (1997): 41 NGRIs with range of mental illness had PET scans and CPT for 30 mins

NGRIs: lower levels of glucose metabolism in prefrontal cortex (linkt to impulsivity) and in left
amygdala (inhibits aggr.)

Higher activity in right amygdala (increased aggr.)

Abnormal functioning in amygdala & hippocampus = non-control pps committed murder

, Narabayashi et al.(1963): psychosurgery on humans with aggr. bhv by severing amygdala from
limbic system = mood-stabilising effect in the majority

Challenging evidence

Structural abnormalities →psychopathy, not necessarily →aggr. & criminality

James Fallon identified own brain as psychopath using MRIs but was not criminal

Eg. lack of empathy suitable for high-level management positions

Eg. lack of fear & need for stimulation entices them to engage in extreme sports

= Brain structure can’t be only factor that makes psychopaths

SHAM RAGE

Cannon and Britton (1925): severed neural connections to cortex of cats (“decorticate”)

Provoked: rage + aggr. (erect hair, growling, baring of teeth) without cognitive
influence /inhibitory control of cerebral cortex

Source of rage from temporal region -amygdala

Stimulated: aggr.

Ablated / removed: placid

=amygdala role in production of hostile bhv

Lack generalisability to humans b/C no capacity to inhibit aggr. with higher order thinking

Other explanations

Reductionist: focus only on role of amygdala within aggr., underplaying complex nature +
interrelationship btw parts of brain

Usefulness

Scanning techniques = more info to support nature side of crim. bhv

Testability

Reliable & objective brain scans

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