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18D Merit for level 3 applied science
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Mariya HussainP7 & M7
The Haber process is a method that is industrial that produces ammonia when
nitrogen and hydrogen gas react. (Ziemke, 2022)
In order to liquify the ammonia and remove it from the remaining gases, the gas
mixture is cooled. A continuous chain is maintained when the unreacted gases pass
through the reaction chamber. (Chemstuff, 2011)
Iron is used as a catalyst because it works the best compared to other transition
metal species, it is cheap and it is robust because the Haber process must run at a
high temperature and pressure. (Nugent, 2019)
A greater surface area per pound in iron powder promotes catalytic reactions than
other forms of iron with the same weight. (Glater, 2022)
An Iron catalyst is used in the Haber process to manufacture Ammonia. The process
involves converting Nitrogen (N2) to Ammonia (NH3) by reacting Hydrogen (H2)
using Iron as a catalyst under high temperatures and pressure. (Byjus, n.d)
Cooling the gases keeps the reaction closer to optimum temperature and pressure
conditions which favours ammonia production. Iron acts a catalyst by allowing
nitrogen and hydrogen to react at lower temperatures and pressures and by also
increasing the rate of ammonia production. It is powdered with a high surface area
because catalysts have their effects at their surfaces. When the iron is powdered,
more of the surface area is created which provides more reaction sites for the
nitrogen and hydrogen to interact and produce ammonia. (Whisper, 2024)
Ammonia is made by reacting Hydrogen and Nitrogen in the following reaction:
3H2 (g) + N2 (g) ⇌ 3NH2 (g)
The image shows how ammonia is made through the Haber process:
,The reaction is conducted at 200 atm because it speeds the reaction. The reaction is
an equilibrium.
The Haber process is a reversible reaction because both the products and reactants
are gases. (PPT)
The Haber process needs to have high pressure so that ammonia can be produced.
The equilibrium’s reaction moves in favour of more molecules of ammonia being
produced as pressure is increased. However, it can be dangerous and costs money if
the pressures being worked at are very high. So, in order for production to be
maximised without removing cost-effectiveness and safety, an understanding has to
be achieved. Pressure control systems are used to monitor and modify the internal
pressure levels of the reactor in order for ideal conditions to be maintained.
Catalysts react hydrogen and nitrogen to create ammonia. Enhancing and selecting
catalysts can have a huge impact on the rate of reactions and its yield. They are ion-
based and are mostly used in the Haber process. Scientists are continuing to develop
and explore catalysts that are effective including iron-based catalysts so that they
can resemble other transition metals once they can be modified. A catalysts
structure and composition can be altered one the efficiency and selectivity is
improved.
The Haber process is an exothermic reaction because it releases heat. Temperature
control is required for ideal reaction conditions to be maintained. Heat exchangers
need to be used so that the temperature is in a specific range and any excess heat
that is made needs to be removed during the reaction. Maximising the reaction's
pace is feasible and any side reactions that are undesirable need to be avoided so
that higher temperatures can control heat transfer effectively. Because the reaction
is exothermic, the reaction's equilibrium can be modified by employing temperature
control. Ammonia is more likely to be produced at temperatures that are lower and
decompose at temperatures that are higher.
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