CTR Exam Prep
cell membrane
separates the internal structures from the extracellular fluid
cytoplasm
clear, thick gel containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other chemicals that surrounds the
nucleus in a cell
cytosol
fluid inside a cell
organelles
bodies in the cytoplasm that perform specific functions needed for cell survival
ribosomes
rounded bodies in the cytoplasm composed of protein and RNA; involved in protein synthesis
nucleus
control center of a cell
chromatin
DNA strands that are loosely coiled (before division)
chromosomes
DNA strands that are more tightly coiled forming short, rod like bodies
homeostasis
condition where internal and external environments remain constant and in balance
diffusion
process by which molecules or ions spread from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration, until the concentration is uniform throughout
active transport
process by which molecules or ions are moved across a cell membrane; most chemotherapy agents
enter a cell by this
enzymes
proteins that act as catalysts to induce or speed up specific chemical reactions within a cell
mitosis
cell division, process by which cells reproduce
,prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
four phases of mitosis
embryology
study of the origin and development of the individual organisms
differentiation
cells of the embryo begin to change their shape and structure into distinct layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
three primary germ layers
ectoderm
from it arises epidermal tissue
squamous cell carcinomas
carcinomas that arise from stratified epithelium
adenocarcinomas
carcinomas that arise from glandular tissue or ductal
transitional cell carcinomas
carcinomas with mixed glandular and epithelium
sarcomas
malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin; solid tumors of connective tissue
mesoderm
from it arises connective tissue
endoderm
from it arises glandular epithelium
morphology
the description of the form and structure of tissues of the body
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
four types of tissues
simple
epithelial membrane composed of single layers of cells
stratified
,epithelial membranes several layers thick
squamous
epithelial tissue composed of thin, flat cells
cuboidal
epithelial tissue in cube-like cells
columnar
epithelial tissue in tall, column-like cells
goblet
epithelial cells that secrete mucous
adenomas
benign tumors of glandular cells
leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
occurs in 5% of patients with cancer; most common to involve breast cancer, lung cancer, and
melanoma
sugar coating
diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement on MRI and CT imaging has a distinct pattern referred to as
(zuckerguss)
cortex
external or outer surface of an organ
medulla
central portion of an organ
parenchyma
functional portion of an organ
stroma
cells and tissue that support, store nutrients, and maintain viability within an organ
tumor
general term meaning swelling
they are a mass of non-structured new cells, they have no known purpose in the physiological
function of the body
two basic characteristics of tumors
, neoplasm
new growth of cells; the proliferation of cells and a supporting stroma that contains connective tissue
and blood vessels
in-situ
lesion develops on the surface of the organ and does not invade the basement membrane of the
mucosa
synchronous
metastasis diagnosed at the same time as the primary site
metachronous
metastasis diagnosed after the primary site had been diagnosed and treated
precocious
metastasis diagnosed with an unknown primary site (first indication of cancer in patient)
simple malignant tumor
malignant tumor category where dividing cells look very much alike and are composed of a single cell
type
mixed malignant tumor
malignant tumor category composed of a variety of cell types, with the cells originating from one
germ layer
compound malignant tumor
malignant tumor category where tumors contain a variety of cell types with the cells originating in
more than one germ layer
neuroendocrine
tumors that arise from cells that originate in the neural crest
carcinogen
any cancer-producing substance or organism
Carcinogenesis
process of producing or causing cancer
viruses, cell mutation, cell mis-differentiation, physical/environmental effects
four possible explanations for malignant transformation
oncogenic agent
anything that causes cancer or is suitable for the formation and development of neoplasms
cell membrane
separates the internal structures from the extracellular fluid
cytoplasm
clear, thick gel containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other chemicals that surrounds the
nucleus in a cell
cytosol
fluid inside a cell
organelles
bodies in the cytoplasm that perform specific functions needed for cell survival
ribosomes
rounded bodies in the cytoplasm composed of protein and RNA; involved in protein synthesis
nucleus
control center of a cell
chromatin
DNA strands that are loosely coiled (before division)
chromosomes
DNA strands that are more tightly coiled forming short, rod like bodies
homeostasis
condition where internal and external environments remain constant and in balance
diffusion
process by which molecules or ions spread from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration, until the concentration is uniform throughout
active transport
process by which molecules or ions are moved across a cell membrane; most chemotherapy agents
enter a cell by this
enzymes
proteins that act as catalysts to induce or speed up specific chemical reactions within a cell
mitosis
cell division, process by which cells reproduce
,prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
four phases of mitosis
embryology
study of the origin and development of the individual organisms
differentiation
cells of the embryo begin to change their shape and structure into distinct layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
three primary germ layers
ectoderm
from it arises epidermal tissue
squamous cell carcinomas
carcinomas that arise from stratified epithelium
adenocarcinomas
carcinomas that arise from glandular tissue or ductal
transitional cell carcinomas
carcinomas with mixed glandular and epithelium
sarcomas
malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin; solid tumors of connective tissue
mesoderm
from it arises connective tissue
endoderm
from it arises glandular epithelium
morphology
the description of the form and structure of tissues of the body
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
four types of tissues
simple
epithelial membrane composed of single layers of cells
stratified
,epithelial membranes several layers thick
squamous
epithelial tissue composed of thin, flat cells
cuboidal
epithelial tissue in cube-like cells
columnar
epithelial tissue in tall, column-like cells
goblet
epithelial cells that secrete mucous
adenomas
benign tumors of glandular cells
leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
occurs in 5% of patients with cancer; most common to involve breast cancer, lung cancer, and
melanoma
sugar coating
diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement on MRI and CT imaging has a distinct pattern referred to as
(zuckerguss)
cortex
external or outer surface of an organ
medulla
central portion of an organ
parenchyma
functional portion of an organ
stroma
cells and tissue that support, store nutrients, and maintain viability within an organ
tumor
general term meaning swelling
they are a mass of non-structured new cells, they have no known purpose in the physiological
function of the body
two basic characteristics of tumors
, neoplasm
new growth of cells; the proliferation of cells and a supporting stroma that contains connective tissue
and blood vessels
in-situ
lesion develops on the surface of the organ and does not invade the basement membrane of the
mucosa
synchronous
metastasis diagnosed at the same time as the primary site
metachronous
metastasis diagnosed after the primary site had been diagnosed and treated
precocious
metastasis diagnosed with an unknown primary site (first indication of cancer in patient)
simple malignant tumor
malignant tumor category where dividing cells look very much alike and are composed of a single cell
type
mixed malignant tumor
malignant tumor category composed of a variety of cell types, with the cells originating from one
germ layer
compound malignant tumor
malignant tumor category where tumors contain a variety of cell types with the cells originating in
more than one germ layer
neuroendocrine
tumors that arise from cells that originate in the neural crest
carcinogen
any cancer-producing substance or organism
Carcinogenesis
process of producing or causing cancer
viruses, cell mutation, cell mis-differentiation, physical/environmental effects
four possible explanations for malignant transformation
oncogenic agent
anything that causes cancer or is suitable for the formation and development of neoplasms
