Summary

Samenvatting klinisch biologisch psychologie (2024)

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Course
Klinisch biologische psychologie (011481)

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Dit is een uitgebreide samenvatting van het vak klinisch biologische psychologie gegeven in de eerste master klinisch psychologie aan de VUB. De samenvatting omvat alle informatie van de slides, lesnota's en afbeeldingen.

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Uploaded on April 18, 2024
Number of pages 82
Written in 2023/2024
Type Summary

ziekte van parkinson
eetstoornissen
verslaving
depressieve stoornis
schizofrenie
non invasieve hersenstimulatie

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
Education
Klinische Psychologie
Course
Klinisch biologische psychologie (011481)

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KLINISCHE BIOLOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE
INHOUDSOPGAVE

Hoofdstuk 1: De ziekte van Parkinson & gerelateerde stoornissen .................................................................. 5
1. Hersengebieden & functies.............................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. Frontale kwab ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Pariëtale kwab ..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. Temporale kwab .................................................................................................................................. 6
1.4. Occipitale kwab ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.5. Hersenstam ......................................................................................................................................... 6
1.6. Cerebellum .......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.7. Basale ganglia ...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.7.1. Connecties met andere cerebrale structuren ............................................................................. 7
2. De ziekte van Parkinson................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1. Pathofysiologie ......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. Basale ganglia ........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Anatomie ........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2. Connectiviteit .................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3. Connectiviteit met andere corticale structuren .............................................................................. 10
2.3. Het forntostriataal netwerk ................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.1. Evolutionaire interpretatie .............................................................................................................. 10
2.3.2. Circuits ............................................................................................................................................. 11
2.4. Klinische manifestaties ziekte van Parkinson ......................................................................................... 11
2.5. Motorische symptomen -rigiditeit ......................................................................................................... 13
2.5.1. Bradykinesie .................................................................................................................................... 13
2.5.2. Tremor ............................................................................................................................................. 13
2.5.3. Gangstoornissen .............................................................................................................................. 14
2.5.4. Freezing of GAIT (FOG) .................................................................................................................... 14
2.7. Niet-motorische symptomen ................................................................................................................. 14
2.7.1. Depressie ......................................................................................................................................... 14
2.7.2. Apathie ............................................................................................................................................ 14
2.7.3. Impulsieve & compulsieve gedragingen .......................................................................................... 15
2.7.4. Executieve dysfuncties .................................................................................................................... 15
2.7.5. Cognitieve beperkingen................................................................................................................... 16
2.7.6. Dementie ......................................................................................................................................... 16
3. Gerelateerde stoornissen van Parkinson ....................................................................................................... 17
3.1. Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) ............................................................................................................. 17
3.1.1. Pathofysiologie ................................................................................................................................ 17
3.1.2. Klinische manifestaties .................................................................................................................... 17
3.2.3. Fenotype en klinische manifestaties ............................................................................................... 19
3.2. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) ..................................................................................................... 19
3.2.1. Pathofysiologie ................................................................................................................................ 20
3.2.2. Fenotype en klinische manifestaties ............................................................................................... 20

1

, 3.3. Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) .................................................................................................................... 21
3.3.1. Pathofysiologie ................................................................................................................................ 21
3.3.2. Klinische manifestaties .................................................................................................................... 22
3.3.3. Progressie ........................................................................................................................................ 22
4. Rol van de psycholoog ................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1. Neuropsychologisch onderzoek bij bewegingsstoornissen .................................................................... 23
4.2. Neuropsychologisch onderzoek ............................................................................................................. 24
4.3. Neuropsychologische principes bij de revalidatie van bewegingsstoornissen ....................................... 25
5. Cognitieve revalidatie .................................................................................................................................... 26
5.1. Behandeling............................................................................................................................................ 26
5.2. Doelen .................................................................................................................................................... 26
5.3. Niveaus van cognitieve revalidatie ......................................................................................................... 26

Hoofdstuk 2: Eetstoornissen ......................................................................................................................... 27
1. Eetprobleem .................................................................................................................................................. 27
2. Eetstoornissen ............................................................................................................................................... 27
2.1. Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................... 27
2.2. Type eetstoornissen ............................................................................................................................... 27
2.2.1. Anorexia Nervosa (DSM-v) .............................................................................................................. 28
2.2.2. Boulimia Nervosa (DSM-v) .............................................................................................................. 28
2.2.3. Eetbuistoornis ................................................................................................................................. 28
2.2.4. Differentiaaldiagnose ...................................................................................................................... 29
2.3. Prevalentie ............................................................................................................................................. 29
2.4. Onset (aanvang) ..................................................................................................................................... 29
2.5. Comorbiditeit ......................................................................................................................................... 29
2.6. Diagnosestelling ..................................................................................................................................... 29
2.7. transitie: overgang tussen verschillende types ...................................................................................... 30
2.8. Prognose................................................................................................................................................. 30
2.9. Etiologie.................................................................................................................................................. 30

3. Neurobiologische mechanismen.................................................................................................................... 30
3.1. Genen ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
3.2. Neurotransmitters .................................................................................................................................. 31
3.2.1. Serotonine ....................................................................................................................................... 31
3.2.2. Dopamine ........................................................................................................................................ 31
3.3. Hormonen .............................................................................................................................................. 32
3.4. Emoties ................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.5. Executieve functies................................................................................................................................. 33
4. Behandeling................................................................................................................................................... 34

Hoofdstuk 3: Verslaving ................................................................................................................................ 35
1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
1.1. Definitie .................................................................................................................................................. 35
1.2. Waarom? ................................................................................................................................................ 36
1.3. Biologische mechanismen ...................................................................................................................... 37
2. Beloningssystemen ........................................................................................................................................ 37
2.1. Positieve bekrachtiging .......................................................................................................................... 40

2

, 2.2. Negatieve bekrachtiging......................................................................................................................... 44

3. Executieve systemen...................................................................................................................................... 45
3.1. Rol van de prefrontale cortex................................................................................................................. 45

4. Stress ............................................................................................................................................................. 46
4.1. Stresssystemen....................................................................................................................................... 46
4.1.1. Re-acquisitie als model voor herval ................................................................................................ 46
5. Overzicht: typische fasering .......................................................................................................................... 47

Hoofdstuk 4: Non-invasieve hersenstimulatie ............................................................................................... 48
1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 48

2. Non-invasieve hersenstimulatietechnieken (NIBS) & toepassingen .............................................................. 48
2.1. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) .............................................................................................. 48
2.2. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) ...................................................................................... 50
2.3. Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS).............................................................................. 52
2.3.1. Positieve effecten ............................................................................................................................ 52
3. Toekomstige technieken/methoden .............................................................................................................. 53
4. NIBS in Onderzoek ......................................................................................................................................... 54
4.1. Bij alcoholverslaving ............................................................................................................................... 54
4.1.1. Studie 1: effect van NIBS op alcoholverslaving ............................................................................... 55
4.1.2. Studie 2: Effect van NIBS op inhibitie .............................................................................................. 56
4.2. Bij eetstoornissen ................................................................................................................................... 56
5. Demonstraties ............................................................................................................................................... 57

Hoofdstuk 5: Schizofrenie ............................................................................................................................. 58
1. Kenmerken .................................................................................................................................................... 58

2. Erfelijkheid .................................................................................................................................................... 58
2.1. Overzicht ................................................................................................................................................ 58
2.2. Verwanten .............................................................................................................................................. 59
2.3. mutaties ................................................................................................................................................. 59
2.4. Leeftijd van de vader .............................................................................................................................. 60
2.6. Epidemiologie (= voorkomen) ................................................................................................................ 60
2.7. de rol van Stress ..................................................................................................................................... 62
3. Ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................................. 62
3.1. Brein ....................................................................................................................................................... 62
4. Dopaminehypothese...................................................................................................................................... 64
4.1. Pathways ................................................................................................................................................ 64
4.2. Aanwijzingen .......................................................................................................................................... 64
4.3. Mesolimbische systeem: vta .................................................................................................................. 64
4.4. Tegenargumenten .................................................................................................................................. 65
4.5. Hypofrontaliteit ...................................................................................................................................... 65
4.6. Glutamaathypothese .............................................................................................................................. 65
5. Het belang van motoriek ............................................................................................................................... 66
5.1. Corollary discharge ................................................................................................................................. 66
6. Creativiteit ..................................................................................................................................................... 66

3

, 6.1. Evolutionaire paradox ............................................................................................................................ 66
6.2. N400 en openheid .................................................................................................................................. 67

Hoofdstuk 6: Depressieve stoornis ................................................................................................................ 68

1. Biologische factoren ...................................................................................................................................... 68
1.1. Erfelijkheid......................................................................................................................................... 68
1.2. Neurotransmissie .............................................................................................................................. 68
1.2.1. Monoaminehypothese .............................................................................................................. 68
1.2.2. Kritische kanttekening monoaminehypothese.......................................................................... 69
1.2.3. Antidepressiva ........................................................................................................................... 70
1.3. Verhoogde Stressrespons .................................................................................................................. 72
1.4. Corticolimbisch circuit ....................................................................................................................... 73
1.4.1. Hyperactivatie limbisch systeem ............................................................................................... 74
1.4.2. Hypoactivatie executief systeem............................................................................................... 75
1.4.3. Effecten van behandeling .......................................................................................................... 76
2. Cognitieve factoren: een negatieve bril ................................................................................................. 76
2.1. Cognitieve schematheorie Beck (1967) ............................................................................................. 76
2.2. Schema-congruene bias .................................................................................................................... 77
2.2.1. Aandachtsbias ........................................................................................................................... 77
2.2.2. Geheugenbias ............................................................................................................................ 79
2.2.3. Cognitieve bias .......................................................................................................................... 81

Informatie over het examen:

• WPO: 50%
• HOC: 50%
• Examen HOC
o 4 antwoordopties, 1 correct
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• Gemiddelde cijfer is je eindcijfer, ongeacht of je wel of niet geslaagd bent op beide onderdelen

4

,HOOFDSTUK 1: DE ZIEKTE VAN PARKINSON & GERELATEERDE STOORNISSEN

1. HERSENGEBIEDEN & FUNCTIES

1.1. FRONTALE KWAB

(Dys)functies

• Motoriek à Verlies grove en fijn-motorische skills
• Spraak à Motorische afasie (Broca)
• Geheugen à Geheugenverlies
• Empathie à Gebrek aan empathie
• Motivatie à Motivatieverlies & apathie
• Aandacht à Aandachtsstoornissen
• Executieve functies à Desorganisatie in cognitieve en
gedrag, desinhibitie
• Persoonlijkheid à Persoonlijkheidsstoornissen

1.2. PARIËTALE KWAB

(Dys)functies

• Sensorische verwerking
o Visueel à Optische ataxie
§ Accuraat grijpen wordt bemoeilijkt
o Somatosensorisch à Dof, tintelend, brandend,…
o Proprioceptief (relatieve positie van ledematen en positie in
de ruimte) à Proprioceptieverlies, balansstoornissen, links
rechts onderscheiden, neglect (deel van de ruimte of lichaamsdeel niet bewust van zijn)
• Navigatie, spatiële oriëntatie à Spatieel hemi-neglect

5

, 1.3. TEMPORALE KWAB

(Dys)functies

• Auditieve verwerking à Gehoorstoornissen
• Taalbegrip à Sensorische afasie
• Geheugen à Geheugenverlies
• Gezichtsherkenning à Prosopagnosie
• Emotionele regulatie à Veranderingen in emotioneel gedrag
• Aandacht à Aandachtsstoornissen

1.4. OCCIPITALE KWAB

(Dys)functies

• Visuele verwerking à (Partieel) visusverlies, Alexie = onvermogen om
te lezen
• Visuospatiële verwerking à Balansproblematiek
• Afstand en diepte perceptie à veranderingen in diepteperceptie
• Kleurherkenning à Kleuragnosie
• Objectherkenning à Visuele agnosie
• Gezichtsherkenning à Prosopagnosie

1.5. HERSENSTAM

(Dys)functies

• Regulering
o Ademhaling à Stoornissen respiratoir ritme
o Bloeddruk à Hypertensie
o Hartritme à Hartritmestoornissen
o Balans & coördinatie à Balansproblemen, duizeligheid
o Reflexen à Hoest-, slik-, kokhals-, braakreflex
o Slaap-waak à Insomnie & andere slaapstoornissen

6

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