Bio 106 WSU Carloye Exam #4

Bio 106 WSU Carloye Exam #4 What is the difference between blood and hemolymph? - Blood: In a Closed circulatory system and is confined to vessels. Hemolymph (AKA interstitial fluid): In an Open circulatory system and bathes the body cells. What are the major types of blood cells? - red and white cells What adaptations allow an animal to use diffusion across its skin as the only mechanism for gas exchange? - The animal must be thin and have a large surface area. Animals that only diffuse across the skin have a dense network of capillaries just below the skin that allows for the exchange of gases. The respiratory surface is a thin, moist epithelium. What is the relationship between the surface area-to-volume ratio and efficiency of exchange across a surface? - Surface Area to Volume large ratio allows O2/CO2 gas exchange across whole body Not all animals use a circulatory system to transport oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. How do insects and some spiders accomplish gas exchange? - Insects have a tracheal system which includes spiracles (let air into the system) which are connected to tracheae that run very close to every tissue cell and allow for diffusion of gasses. In a two-chambered heart, where does the blood go after it leaves the atrium? (Give the entire pathway ending back in the atrium) - ventricle---Gills --- Body Capallaries--- Veins--- Atrium In a four-chambered heart, where does the blood go after it leaves the right atrium? (Give the entire pathway ending back in the right atrium) - Right ventricle--- Pulmonary Artery --- Lungs --- Pulminary Veins--- Left Atrium--- Left Ventricle--- Aorta Which parts of the pathways carry oxygenated blood? - Lungs, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Capillary beds, Aorta Which parts of the pathways carry de-oxygenated blood? - Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery What is "transposition of the great vessels" and how does it affect blood circulation? - a condition that babies can be born with which causes the arteries leaving the left and right ventricles to be switched. This affects blood circulation in that there is no cross over, so the oxygenated blood from the lungs never makes it through the rest of the body. What is counter-current exchange/flow? Contrast it with co-current exchange. - Counter- Current: Flow between water and blood vessels in filament Co-Current: Flow is parallel and blood reaches equilibrium How does counter-current flow allow blood to pick up more oxygen than co-current flow would? (Know that animals use counter-current flow and not co-current flow.) - Blood becomes more saturated as it moves opposite the water, but meets with fresher water the further it moves, allowing it to continue gaining oxygen. How does the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues determine how much O2 will be released to them? - The more Co2 there is the more O2 will be administered into that tissue What is the Bohr shift? How is it adaptive for supplying tissues that are working hard with more oxygen? - Low pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2, this is the Bohr shift. Where CO2 production is greater (sites of activity) hemoglobin releases more O2 which can then be used to support more cellular respiration Q. Where does N-wastes come from? - Breaking down of proteins Which of these nitrogenous wastes is least energetically expensive and most energetically expensive to produce? - Least: Ammonia Most: Uric acid Q. Under what conditions is ammonia excreted? - Ammonia- very toxic, little energy to produce, lots of water to dilute Q. Under what conditions is uric acid excreted? - Uric acid- not toxic, lots of energy to convert, little to no water to excrete Q. Under what conditions is urea excreted? - Urea- less toxic, takes energy to convert to urea, less water to dilute Q. Name/label the parts of the vertebrate nephron and indicate where it is permeable to water and where salt is pumped out. - How does the reabsorption of urea into the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop of Henle allow for an increased ability to pull water out of the nephron? (Relate the movement of different molecules to changes in the filtrate.) - Helps maintain