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Summary Grade 12 Geography Summaries Skills & Techniques plus Topic 1 & 2 (Term 1) - Via Afrika

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Course
Geography

Institution
12th Grade

Grade 12 Geography Summaries Topic 1 & 2 (Term 1). This summaries are composed using and combining the Via Afrika textbooks' work with examples and supplementary notes. This product also contains the summaries for Geographic skills and Techniques (Terms 1 - 4). Contents: Geographical Skill...

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geography topic 1 and 2 summaries

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12th Grade
Course
Geography
Schooljaar 200

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How do we indicate direction? Applying map skills and techniques
• Direction - general direction from one feature to another, also known as 'wind directions'. What is scale?
• Compass points - divided into cardinal points and major intermediate points. • Maps produced at various scales.
• Minor intermediate points include north north east (NNE), east north east (ENE), east south • Relationship between map and ground shown differently.
east (ESE), south south east (SSE), south south west (SSW), west south west (WSW), west • Word scale: Map distance and ground distance written in
north west (WNW), and north north west (NNW). abbreviated units.
• Bearing is a more accurate way of indicating direction, measured clockwise from north at o° • Representative fraction: Numerator represents map distance,
through a full circle to 360. denominator represents equivalent ground distance.
• Ratio scale: Map distance relative to equivalent ground
distance.
What is true north? • Line scale: Ratio between map and equivalent ground
distance on scale bar.
• Comprises with north pole on Earth's U1: Mapwork • Map scale allows conversion to ground distances.
surface. techniques (A) • Scales compared for small and large scale maps.
• Meets all meridians or lines of longitude.

How do you calculate distance and area?
What is magnetic north? • Differentiate between straight and curved line distances.
• Use topographic maps and orthophoto maps for distance calculation.
• Earth acts like a magnet with spherical magnetic field.
• Convert map distances to ground distances before calculation.
• Magnetic poles move near true poles due to magnetic forces.
• Convert km2 and m2 area to hectares (ha).
• Magnetic north, located in northern Canada, points to compass.
• Convert km2 to hectares by multiplying by 100 and m2 to hectares by dividing
• Magnetic north shifts east or west of true north.
by 10,000.

What is magnetic declination What is the relationship between
and how is it calculated? contours and cross-sections?
• Defines angle between true north and magnetic north. • Contours are lines connecting equal height places above sea level.
• Variates from place to place and year to year.
• Drawn at regular intervals.
• Maps display magnetic declination and annual change.
• Vertical distance between consecutive contours equals the contour interval.
• Magnetic bearing = true bearing + magnetic
• Spacing between contour lines determined by ground's vertical steepness. Indicates slope - landform.
declination.
• Best viewed in freehand cross-section for general land shape impression.
• True bearing = magnetic bearing - magnetic declination
• Features include far apart, closely spaced, evenly spaced, grouped, convex, and consecutive contours.

GR12 GEO T1-T4 Mind Map Via Afrika Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)

, What is grid referencing?
• Geographic Coordinate System Overview:
• Determines exact location of Earth's features.
• Includes latitude north or south of the equator and longitude east
or west of Greenwich meridian.
• South Africa's location is indicated as south and east, with each
degree subdivided into 6 min and 6 seconds.
• Subdivisions include degrees into 60 min and minutes into 60 sec.

Map and photo interpretation
• Based on physical feature analysis/mapwork techniques.
• Supported by climate, geomorphology, settlements,
economics knowledge.
• Requires observation of interrelationships.
U1: Mapwork
techniques (B)
What do you already know about maps?
• Visual representations of natural and constructed features.
• Scale models of reality.
• Depict geographic objects - roads, towns, railway lines, rivers.
• Show points, lines, surfaces, and space.
• Use different colours for specific object types.
• Display quantities like built area densities, contour values,
How do you use maps and other and intervals.
graphical representations?
How do you read and analyse
• Synoptic Weather Maps:
• Communicate themes through symbols. physical and constructed features?
• Display pressure systems, fronts, lows, ridges, pressure • Map and Photo Interpretation Skills:
gradients, air movement, cyclones, and weather conditions. • Not taught through books.
• Enhance with wind, rainfall, temperature graphs. • Mastery through frequent exercise.

GR12 GEO T1-T4 Mind Map Via Afrika Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)

, What is intervisibility? What is gradient? The South African 1:50 000
• The ability to see features from specific points. • Defines slope's steepness (gentle, moderate, topographic maps
• Crucial to identify which places can be seen from steep, very steep).
another. • Measures slope. • Classification of Maps:
• Determining intervisibility involves examining • Based on projections, purpose, scale, and
contours. information content.
How do you calculate • Topographic maps: detailed, accurate,
• Intervisible points are those with no higher terrain
simplified Earth's surface features.
between them. gradient? • Features include relief, drainage, vegetation,
• Convex slopes indicate summit visibility from foot.
and constructed areas.
• Concave slopes indicate summit and foot intervisibility. • Expresses relationship between vertical and • Map references list features and
horizontal distance.
corresponding signs.
What is vertical exaggeration? • Uses RISE:RUN ratio. • Display geographic zone and coordinate grid.
• Measures units of measurement in meters. • Two-dimensional representations of the
• Cross-section Construction from 1:50,000 • Calculates gradient between top & foot of slope. environment.
Topographic Map: • Horizontal distance between spot heights is 2.1
• Maintains horizontal scale. cm on a 1:2 000 map.
• Exaggerates vertical – clearer height variations. What are the conventional
• Calculates dividing vertical/horizontal scales. map signs and symbols?
• Expresses both scales as representative fractions.
U2: Topographic • Topographic Map Interpretation:
maps • Defines surface features using symbols or
How do you construct cross- signs.
sections from 1:50 000 maps? • Maps convey message through symbols, seen
as language.
• Recommended to view landforms from What are landforms and how are they • Understanding symbols - crucial for
the side. interpretation.
recognised on a topographic map?
• Hills visible against sky in fields.
• Cross-sections or profiles drawn using • Earth's Surface Physical Features – range from large-
contour lines and height clues. scale to minor features. What are contours and landforms?
• Note heights, slopes, water courses, and • Shaped by weathering, erosion, deposition, and plate
• Maps: Two-Dimensional Representations.
features before profiled line drawing. tectonics.
• Show third dimension: height.
• Write contour values on paper above • Contour lines identify landforms. • Methods: spot heights, bench marks,
profiled line. • Essential for topographic map interpretation. trigonometric stations, contours.

GR12 GEO T1-T4 Mind Map Via Afrika Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)

, U4: Examining a selection of satellite images
U3: Interpreting vertical
• Differentiated by spatial and spectral resolution.
aerial photographs
• Captured Earth portion size and revisit frequency.
• Meteosat: Low resolution 1km pixel image used for weather forecasting. Includes 12 bands and 30-minute revisit • Vertical Aerial Photography Overview
interval.
• Recording specific areas at specific
• Landsat: 15m pixel image used for land cover classification and change. 7 bands, 16-day revisit interval. Single times.
image size: 185 km x 170 km.
• Showing objects as they appear in
• Wordview 2: High-resolution image used for security, defence, urban planning, and disaster damage monitoring. reality.
• Easier to read than maps.
• Enables observation of object changes
over time.
U3: Aerial photographs • Interpretation from general patterns to
detail.
and orthophoto maps • Uses known to identify unknown.
• Uses 5 recognition elements: shape,
U4: Geographical pattern, size, texture, shadow, and tone.
Information Systems (GIS)
(A) What are orthophoto
maps and their
identifying features?
Comparing an orthophoto map • Vertical aerial photographs referenced
with a topographic map to precise x:y coordinates.
• True to scale - accurate distance, area,
• Topographic maps and orthophotos have unique characteristics. and angle measurements.
• Use together for landform identification. • Includes scale, place names, contour
• Orthophoto vs Topographic Map Comparison: lines, spot heights, trigonometric
• Orient orthophoto map on topographic map. stations, latitude, and longitude.
• Identify common features: natural, infrastructure, buildings, land use. • All orthophoto maps - 1:100 000 scale.
• Identify corresponding features on both maps. • Uses recognition elements for feature
identification.
• Identify newly built features or landscape changes.

GR12 GEO T1-T4 Mind Map Via Afrika Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)

, Vector and raster data U4: Looking at GIS concepts
• GIS Data Storage Overview: Stores geographic dimensions of Earth's features. What is remote sensing?
• Stores attributes or characteristics of these features.
• Utilizes vector data and raster data structures. • High-resolution image used for security, defence,
• Vector Data: Represents point features by nodes. urban planning, and disaster monitoring.
• Linear features are represented by straight lines. • Spectral resolution of 8 bands.
• End points form an area (polygon). • 1.1-day revisit interval.
• Features' attributes are stored in a database. • Single image size of 16.4 km.
• Raster Data: Area is subdivided into grid cells, each with a numeric value representing a specific feature. • Collects Earth's land and sea surfaces
information.
• Allows geographers to research areas without
physical contact.
• Classified into active and passive systems.

U4: Geographical What is resolution?
Information Systems • Remote Sensing Sensor Resolution
(GIS) (B) Overview:
• Creates sharp, clear images.
• Types: spectral and spatial resolution.
• Spectral Resolution: Detects
information over various spectral
bands.
• GIS Technology Overview: Spatial and attribute data • Spatial Resolution: Defines the quantity
• Data: Clusters of organized facts and information. of detail detected in an image.
• Interpretation: Human or computer interpretation required. • Resolution in Earth's Surface: Low-
• Types of Data: Spatial data and attribute data. resolution depicts larger portions but
• Spatial data: Shape and position of geographical features. fewer features. High and very high-
• Attribute data: Information about spatial characteristics of features. resolution depict smaller portions but
• Characteristics can be qualitative or quantitative. more features.
• Examples: Non-spatial data like photographs.
• GIS Programmes: Utilize spatial data, positional data, scannable maps, and digital aerial and satellite images.

GR12 GEO T1-T4 Mind Map Via Afrika Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)

, What is data manipulation? Data integration Data standardisation, data
• GIS Data Manipulation Procedures: • "Combining Multiple Data Layers for sharing and data security
• Changing map projections. Comprehensive Answers":
• Converting data from raster and vector formats. • Combines spatial and attribute data from all Data standardisation
• Interpolating between points. input layers.
• GIS technology is now integral to business
• Integrating data layers. • Facilitates complex spatial questions. and organizational information
• Creating buffers. • Combines different data layers for realistic, infrastructure.
• Creating models. complete answers. • Integration capabilities enable sharing of
• Conducting statistical analyses. different data sets for broader scenarios.
• Integration reveals relationships, patterns,
and links not visible in one dataset.
• GIS must produce useful information
Buffering products and provide consistent data
U4: Geographical integrity infrastructure.
• Identifies zones at different distances from
geographical features. Information Systems • Open GIS system facilitates geographic data
sharing, integration among GIS
• Example: Planting trees closer than 5m from drainage (GIS) (C) technologies, and non-GIS applications.
channels.
• Solution: Move factory location to avoid overlap with
residential area. Data sharing
• Early GIS focused on individual projects and data sharing.
Querying • Today's GIS integrates and shares spatial and non-spatial
Statistical analysis data for better decision-making.
• GIS for Geographic Information • Most GIS products read directly and transformed with
System:
• GIS Data Analysis Overview: minimal time delay due to open interoperability and new
• Allows querying for simple and
• Utilizes inherent position and technologies.
attribute information for feature
complex geographical questions.
creation.
• Displays solutions graphically. Data security
• Aids in data investigation and
• Example: Identifying shrubs on sandy additional information • Sensitive data for commercial, personal, or national security.
soils. identification. • Access restricted to authorized organizations/persons.
• Compares vegetation data layer with • Includes climatic data averages,
soils data layer. • Data security involves authorization codes.
spatial tendencies, and patterns. • Unrestricted portions of same data set accessible to general users.

GR12 GEO T1-T4 Mind Map Via Afrika Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)

, U5: What are thematic maps? U4: Application of GIS techniques
• Atlas Overview: Who uses GIS?
• Book-format collection of maps.
• Facilitates data query, analysis, mapping,
• Shows spatial information at various scales. modelling, visualization, and display.
• Shows spatial distribution of specific • Serves diverse users - spatial information and
geographical themes. products.
• Includes non-spatial information like • Applicable in various disciplines.
diagrams, graphs, tables.
• Use examples include agriculture, forestry,
police, medicine, archaeology, defence, town
How do we examine thematic maps? planning.

• Thematic Maps Overview:
• Qualitative or quantitative. Who uses GIS?
• Map key includes common symbols. U4: Geographical • Land Information System (LIS): Used for
• Unique colours assigned to features. identifying geographical issues.
• Distinctive colours - value categories/class intervals. Information Systems • Facilities Management System (FMS):
(GIS) (D) Used for managing facilities.
Why do we compare information from • Environmental Information System (EIS):
U5: Using atlases Used for identifying environmental
different maps? conditions.
• Thematic Maps in Geography: • Farming Information System (FIS): Used
for identifying agricultural practices.
• Illustrate mineral distribution, resource use, and
industrial development.
• Recognizing Urban Heat Islands: Utilizes
Developing a paper GIS infrared band for night-time observation
• Provide answers to Geography's Four Big Ideas.
and temperature difference recognition.
• Multiple maps often needed for specific • Displays spatial data through layers representing single
themes/features. • Flood Detection and Monitoring: Utilizes
questions.
satellite imagery for rapid rainfall
• Uneven population distribution attributed to • Linking each spatial object with individual attributes.
estimation and flood extent
climate, resource availability, economic processes, • Allows data manipulation, integration/querying. determination.
water availability, and government policies. • Teaching GIS on paper for non-computer activities. • Spatial Data Management: Provides
• Investigate urban/rural population, climate, • Uses topographic maps with colour groups efficient tools for spatial analysis and
rivers/dams, agriculture, minerals, infrastructure, representing main features. visualization.
and political information.

GR12 GEO T1-T4 Mind Map Via Afrika Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)

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