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Samenvatting Voeding en Energie

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Samenvatting Voeding en Energie - Koolhydraten, Vitamines, Vetten, Eiwitten, First and second Law of Thermodynamics, metabolisme, homeostase, bio-energetica, negatieve feedback mechanismen, hormonen, oxidatieve fosforylering, citroenzuurcyclus etc.

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  • H40, h. 41.1 en 41.2, h. 42, h. 6.1 t/m 6.3, h. 6.4, 6.5, 10.1 en 10.2 en h 10.3 t/m 10.6
  • January 29, 2019
  • 61
  • 2018/2019
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By: bwoest • 4 year ago

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Samenvatting V&E
Doelstellingen:
Les 1:
 De student begrijpt de functie en werking van hormonen en andere
signalering moleculen.
 De student begrijpt de algemene intracellulaire
signaleringsmechanismen van hormonen.
 De student begrijpt negatieve feedback mechanismen en de werking
van antagonistische hormonen (insuline en glucagon).

Les 2:
 De student kent de basis functies van verschillende weefsels en
orgaansystemen.
 De student weet wat een ‘regulator’ en een ‘conformer’ is.
 De student begrijpt hoe homeostase wordt bereikt.
 De student begrijpt de verschillende manieren van thermoregulatie.
 De student begrijpt de bio-energetica van organismen en weet wat
het metabolisme is.

Les 3:
 De student weet wat essentiële voedingscomponenten zijn.
 De student kan de verschillende stadia van ‘food processing’
uitleggen.
 De student kent het verteringsproces van koolhydraten, eiwitten,
vetten en nucleïnezuren.

Les 4:
 De student begrijpt de thermodynamica achter metabole
omzettingen.
 De student kent de vormen waarin energie opgeslagen kan worden.

Les 5:
 De student begrijpt de werking van enzymen.
 De student weet hoe enzymatische omzettingen gereguleerd
kunnen worden.
 De student begrijpt de rol van enzymen in het metabolisme en kent
de functie van de verschillende enzym klassen.
 De student begrijpt de katabole en anabole metabole routes
uitgaande van koolhydraten, eiwitten en vetten.

Les 6:
 De student begrijpt de stappen van de glycolyse, citroenzuurcyclus
en oxidatieve fosforylering.
 De student kent de functie en de reactieproducten van de pentose
fosfaat route.
 De student begrijpt de anaerobe verbranding van koolhydraten.
 De student begrijpt het glycogeen metabolisme en kan de stappen
uitleggen.
 De student begrijpt de essentie en de samenhang van de
belangrijkste metabole routes.

, De student kan de (energetische) consequenties verklaren van
afwijkingen in metabole routes.

,Les 1:
• Animal hormones are chemical signals that are secreted into the
circulatory system (bloodstream) and communicate regulatory
messages within the body (maintain homeostasis). (LEERDOEL)
• Hormones reach all parts of the body, but only target cells have
receptors for that hormone.
• Two systems coordinate communication throughout the body: the
endocrine system and the nervous system.
• The endocrine system secretes hormones that coordinate slower
but longer-acting responses including reproduction, development,
energy metabolism, growth, and behavior.
• The nervous system conveys high-speed electrical signals along
specialized cells called neurons; these signals regulate other cells
(neurons, muscles and endocrine cells).

Concept 45.1: Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to
target receptors, triggering specifc response pathways.
• Endocrine signaling is just one of several ways that information is
transmitted between animal cells = intercellular communication.
(LEERDOEL)
• The ways that signals are transmitted between animal cells are
classifed by two criteria:
- The type of secreting cell.
- The route taken by the signal in
reaching its target.

Paracrine and Autocrine Signaling
• Local regulators are molecules that
act over short distances, reaching
target cells solely by difusion.
• In paracrine signaling, the target
cells lie near the secreting cells.
• In autocrine signaling, the target
cell is also the secreting cell.
• Types of local regulators
– Cytokines and growth
factors
– Nitric oxide (NO)
– Prostaglandins

, Synaptic and Neuroendocrine Signaling
• In synaptic signaling, neurons form specialized junctions with target
cells, called synapses.
• At synapses, neurons secrete molecules called neurotransmitters
that difuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells.
• In neuroendocrine signaling, specialized neurosecretory cells secrete
molecules called neurohormones that travel to target cells via the
bloodstream.

Signaling by Pheromones (Feromonen)
• Members of the same animal species sometimes communicate with
pheromones, chemicals that are released into the environment.
• Pheromones serve many functions, including marking trails leading
to food, defning territories, warning of predators, and attracting
potential mates.

Endocrine Tissues and Organs
• In some tissues, endocrine cells are
grouped together in ductless organs
called endocrine glands.
• Endocrine glands secrete hormones
directly into surrounding fuid.
• These contrast with exocrine glands,
which have ducts and which secrete
substances onto body surfaces or
into cavities.

Chemical Classes of Hormones
 Three major classes of molecules
function as hormones in vertebrates
• Polypeptides (proteins and
peptides)
• Amines derived from amino acids
• Steroid hormones  vet-oplosbaar
• Lipid-soluble hormones pass easily through cell membranes,
while water-soluble hormones do not.
• The solubility of a hormone correlates
with the location of receptors inside or on
the surface of target cells.
• Voorbeeld van een wateroplosbare
polypeptiden is insuline, van amines is
adrenaline een voorbeeld.

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