A Level Psychology Paper 1 - Introductory Topics I
A Level Psychology Paper 1 - Introductory topics i
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A Level Psychology Paper 1 - Introductory topics in Psychology QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2024 NEWEST
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A Level Psychology Paper 1 - Introductory topics i
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A Level Psychology Paper 1 - Introductory Topics I
A Level Psychology Paper 1 - Introductory topics in Psychology QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2024 NEWESTA Level Psychology Paper 1 - Introductory topics in Psychology QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2024 NEWESTA Level Psychology Paper 1 - Introductory topics in Psychology QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GR...
A Level Psychology Paper 1 - Introductory topics in Psychology QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2024 NEWEST Conformity - answer -A change in a person's behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people. AO1:Asch's research - answer -1951, devised procedure to assess to what extent people will conform to opinion of oth ers even when situation is certain AO1:Asch's baseline procedure - answer -123 American men tested in one group each with with other apparent participants (confederates). Each saw two large cards on each trial. Line X was standard line and lines A,B,C comp arison line. One of which was same length of X, unambiguous. Tested in groups 6 to 8 genuine and participant always seated last. Had to say answers out loud, confederates always gave incorrect answer each trial. AO1:Asch's baseline findings - answer -On av erage genuine participants agreed with confederates answer 36.8% of time. There were individuals difference 25% of participants never gave wrong answer AO1:Variables investigated by Asch - Group size - answer -1955,Extended baseline study to investigate va riables to might increase/decrease conformity. Varied the number of confederates from 1 to 15. Found curvilinear relationship between group size and conformity. Conformity increased with group size only to a point (3 confederates) rose 31.8% . Suggests mos t people sensitive to views of others because 1 to 2 confederates enough to sway opinion. AO1:Variables investigated by Asch - Unanimity - answer -Introduced confederate who disagreed with other confederates. One variation confederate gave right answer and in another variation gave wrong answer. Genuine participant conformed less often in presence of dissenter. Rate decreased to less than 1/4 of the level when majority was unanimous. Dissenter freed participant to think more independently . Suggests influen ce of majority depends to extent on it being unanimous. Non -conforming views more likely cracks are perceived in majorities unanimous view. AO1:Variables investigated by Asch - Task difficulty - answer -Increased difficulty of line judging task by making s timulus lines similar to standard line. Harder to see difference. Found conformity increased. May be that situation more ambiguous when task is harder. In circumstances natural to look to other people for guidance and assume you are wrong and they are righ t (ISI) AO3: Limitation - Artificial situation and task - answer -Participants knew they were in research and may have gone along with what was expected of them (demand characteristics). Task of identifying lines trivial therefore no real reason to conform . Additionally, Fiske (2014) stated ' Asch's groups not very groupy' meaning they did not resemble groups we experience in everyday life. Meaning findings do not generalise to real world situations, especially those where consequences of conformity might b e important AO3: Limitation - Limited Application - answer -Participants were American men. Other research suggests women may be more conformist possibly because they are concerned with social relationships (Neto 1995) Furthermore US is individualistic cul ture where people more concerned bout themselves than their social group. Similar conformity studies conducted in collectivist cultures found that conformity rates higher (Smith and Bond 1996). Meaning Asch's findings tell us little about conformity in wom en and other cultures. AO3: Strength - Research Support + Counterpoint - answer -Research is supported from other studies for the effects of task difficulty. Lucas et al (2006) asked participants to solve 'easy' and 'hard' maths questions. Participants giv en answer by three other students (confederates). Conformed more often when problems harder. Shows Asch correct claiming task difficulty is a variable affecting conformity. Counterpoint: However, Lucas et al found that conformity more complex than Asch sug gested. Participants with high confidence on maths skills conformed less than those with low confidence on hard questions. Shows that individual level factor can influence conformity by interacting with situational factors. but Asch did not research indivi dual factors. AO1:Conformity: Types - answer -Internalisation: Deep type of conformity where we take on majority view because we accept it as correct . Leads to far reaching and permanent change in behaviour even when group absent Identification: Moderate type of conformity where we act in same way as group because we value and want to be part of it. Don't necessarily agree with everything group believes. Compliance: Superficial and temporary type of conformity where we outwardly g o along with majority view but privately disagree. Change in behaviour only last as long as group monitoring us. AO1:Conformity: Explanations for conformity - answer -Deutsh and Gerard (1955) developed two -process theory arguing two main reasons why people conform. Based on human needs: need to be right (ISI) and need to be liked (NSI). AO1:Conformity: Explanation - Informational social influence - answer -Explanation of conformity that says we agree to majority opinion because we believe its correct. We ac cept it we want to be correct as well. May lead to internalisation AO1:Conformity: Explanation - Normative social influence - answer -Explanation for conformity that says we agree with opinion of majority because we want to gain social approval and be like d. This may lead to compliance AO3:Strength - Research support for NSI - answer -Asch 1951 interviewed his participants some said they conformed because they felt self conscious giving the correct answer and were afraid of disapproval. When they write down answers conformity fell to 12.5%. This because answered privately meaning no normative pressure from group. Showing that some conformity is due to desire not be rejected by group for disagreeing with them. AO3:Strength - Research support for ISI + Counte rpoint - answer -Lucas et al found that participants more often conformed to wrong answers given when maths question difficult. This because when easy questions given participant knew answer but when questions became harder task became more ambiguous. Parti cipants did no want to be wrong so relied on answers they were given. Showing ISI valid explanation for conformity because results are what ISI predicted.
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