PHRM 844 Module 1: Exam 2: Diabetes-Hockerman || Already Graded A+

criteria for dx of DM correct answers A1C /= 6.5% FPG /= 126mg/dL OR 2-h glucose /= 200mg/dL OR random plasma glucose /= 200mg/dL CV complications of DM correct answers micro and macro angiopathies Neuropathy complications of DM correct answers inc BG levels lead to utilization of polyol pathway (aldose reductase uses up reducing equivalents) inc cytosolic water in neural cells Nephropathy complications of DM correct answers renal vascular changes and changes in the glomerular basement membrane ocular complications of DM correct answers cataracts, retinal micro aneurysms and hemorrhage Immune complications of DM correct answers increased susceptibility to infections Goals of insulin therapy and monitoring correct answers reduce acute sx- polyuria, dehydration, ketoacidosis BG 150 mg/dL A1C 7% (6% is ideal) Mechanisms of cell damage initiated by hyperglycemia correct answers glucose-- polyol pathway fructose-6-p -- hexosamine pathway G3P -- protein kinase C pathway G3P -- AGE pathway insulin effects in liver correct answers inhibits: glycogenolysis, ketogenesis, gluconeogenesis stimulates: glycogen and triglyceride synthesis insulin effects in skeletal muscle correct answers stimulates: glucose transport, amino acid transport insulin effects in adipose tissue correct answers stimulates: triglyceride storage, glucose transport GLUT 1 correct answers Km 1-2 mM Constitutive most widely expressed