CPO 4514 Final Exam latest update with 100% correct answers

Why do political protests occur? 1.) Preferences are not reflected to policy outcomes. 2.) Preferences are conflicted among social groups. 3.) The access to political institutions is limited. Why do people join groups? Higher commitment to a public good - valued outcome: public benefits that are expected. (Greater Prospect of Success - Political Efficacy) + (Personal Benefits + Appraisal by Group Fan) - (Cost) = Participation (Economic or religious protest movement) Greater Prospect of Success Factors 1.) Degree of State Control 2.) Elite Cohesion Decline 3.) Numbers Mobilized - Assurance Game For Achieving Success Factors 1.) Geopolitics (war, balance of power), economic conditions, international recessions. 2.) Natural Disaster (earthquake) 3.) Attendance of People - Political Movement - Public and Personal Benefit to the People Non-cooperate game among social groups prisoners' dilemma (0,0) Both not Confessing (best solution) (2,4) "A" confessing, "B" not confessing (4,2) "A" not confessing, "B" confessing (2,2) both confessing Economic Freedom Democratization Democratization Economic Governance Social Cleavages Social division, widespread perception, institutional manifestation. Territorial Cleavage Cultural (regional, religious, ethnic/racial, gender, age cleavage). Class Cleavage After industrial revolution class polarization between rural and urban and workers and employers. Developed from cultural identities. Ethnic Cleavage Indonesia, Malaysia. Regional Cleavage Philippines Overlapping Cleavage Language/region/ethnic vs. cross cutting High Cleavage Highly heterogeneous society fragmented by multiple cleavages. Multiparty with PR helps coalition, why: representation, accountability, equality, participation. Mass Parties Broad base of support from various social groups. Confucianism Hierarchical relationship among human beings, e.g., age, sex, family relationship, political and social status. Main assumption of Confucianism. Human beings are naïve and have good nature (responsible or duty). Historical development of Confucianism China Qing Dynasty by Manchu 1644 to 1911 Reason to keeping the unified country Adaptation of Confucianism. Manchurian cannot appeal for the nationalism (Han). China as a semi-colony by Britain gentry. Japanese rule in China People's Republic of China 1949 Mao () Appeal with Chinese patriotism, the Great Leap Forward (), Cultural Revolution (). Impact of Confucianism to Contemporary Chinese Politics Guanxi (Personal Connection) Post-Mao economic reform under Deng. Hierarchical relationship between politics and economy subordination of economy under political authority, socialist market economy, theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Formal Chinese political structure Extensive party-state control, need for Guanxi. Confucianism based on kinship, friendship and other ties to ease their contacts with the bureaucrats and party officials who wield enormous power over many aspects of their lives. Patron-client politics Ordinary people have little access to the official channels of power. Village leaders (patron) help farmers (the client) avoid paying taxes by reporting false production statistics in exchange of their support to keep them in office. Historical Development of Confucianism Japan Role of Monarch 1.) Social mobility after the collapse of Tokugawa General 2.) Revolution from above. 3.) Preserve the form of empire, but shift to modernization and industrialization. 4.) As a source of traditional legitimacy. Growth of Right-wing political power via military. 1.) Colonization in Taiwan (Formosa) and Korea (Chosun) 2.) Cultural Assimilation: Erosion of traditional communities. Today's Japan's ideology (the Meiji amalgam of traditional and modern ideas) - (militarism & chauvinism) + (Pacifism & liberal democracy) LDPS's long-term rule 1955 to 1993 Japanese management in economy lifetime employment - prohibit labor movement, mutual obligation and interest responsibility. Impact of Confucianism on economic growth in East Asia 1.) Growth with Equity (high economic growth with relatively equal distribution of wealth.) 2.) Asian model of development (political autocracy, social conformity) 3.) Neoliberal counterparty 4.) East Asian state as strong (effective) and autonomous state. Most prevailed social and political problem by Confucianism corruption Singapore Legalism Promoted by 1st PM Lee Kwan-Yew (1959 to 1990) Independence from UK 1957 Independence from Malaysia 1965 Legalism Branch of Confucian ethic. Advocacy of Despotism Harsh punishments. North Korea Maintenance of Stalinist state - self-reliance