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BIO 101 STUDY GUIDE LATEST REVIEW TO SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS

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• Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of every organism. • Types of Cells o Prokaryotic [Archaea & Bacteria] o Eukaryotic [Animals, Plants, Fungi] • All cells have o Plasma Membrane o Cytoplasm o Chromosomes [contain genes] – Made of Chromatin o Ribosomes [make proteins] ...

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  • April 27, 2024
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BIO 101 STUDY LATEST REVIEW
TO SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS
Biology Notes

 Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of every organism.
 Types of Cells
o Prokaryotic [Archaea & Bacteria]
o Eukaryotic [Animals, Plants, Fungi]
 All cells have
o Plasma Membrane
o Cytoplasm
o Chromosomes [contain genes] – Made of Chromatin
o Ribosomes [make proteins] – Made of RRNA & Protein
 Prokaryotic Cells [Smaller]
o No nucleus
o DNA in nucleoid
o No membrane bound organelles
 Eukaryotic Cells [Larger]
o DNA in a nucleus bounded by a double membrane
o Bounded Organelles
o Cytoplasm [Fluid between the plasma membrane and nucleus]
 Plasma membrane: a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen,
nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell.
 The Surface area to Volume ratio of a cell is critical.
 The Nucleus contains most of the DNA
 Ribosomes uses information from the DNA to make Proteins
o Combination of Ribosomal RNA and protein
 Nuclear envelope: A double membrane of lipid bilayer that encloses the nucleus
separating it from the cytoplasm
 Pore Complex: Regulates the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus
 Nuclear lamina: maintains the shape of the nucleus [it’s made of Protein]

, BIO 101 STUDY LATEST REVIEW
TO SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS
 Chromosomes: DNA organized into discrete units.
 Chromatin: This is one DNA molecule associated with proteins
o Euchromatin is loosed chromatin
o Heterochromatin is compact or compressed chromatin
 Nucleolus: The site of Ribosomal RNA synthesis located inside the nucleus
 Ribosomes carry out Protein Synthesis
o In the Cytoplasm [free Ribosomes]
o Outside the endoplasmic reticulum [Bound Ribosomes]
 Endomembrane System
o Nuclear envelope
o Endoplasmic Reticulum
o Golgi apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
o Plasma Membrane
o # Components are either Continuous or connected via vesicles
 Regions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
o Smooth ER [ Lacks ribosomes]
 Makes lipids
 Breaks down Carbohydrates
 Detoxifies drugs and Poison
 Stores Calcium
o Rough ER [Studded with ribosomes]
 Distributes transport vesicles
 Is a membrane factory for the cell
 Golgi apparatus: Made of flattened sacs called Cisternae
o Modifies product of the ER
o Makes certain macromolecules

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