This summary follows the structure of the book "Personality Psychology. Domains of knowledge about human nature" but also contains important information from the lectures, that wasn't included in the book. All chapters except for 9, 12 and 17 are covered (those weren't relevant for my exam).
inter individual differences C between individuals )
•
•
intergroup differences C between groups )
LD
types of possible
many groups
intra individual differences C within individuals )
•
↳ situation , time ,
etc .
•
inter individual differences in intraindivi dual differences
I individuals
↳
comparing consistency changes within
between different individuals
°
explanation of differences
→
proximal explanation
↳ factors that co
-
occur in time with the
Phenomena you want to explain
→
distal explanations
↳ factors that are further away in time
↳ e.g .
past or evolutionary past
,• the
history of
personality psychology
-
D descriptions in ancient Greece
-
D tests in China
→
Theophrastus C 327 BC -
287 BC )
↳ student of Plato
"
"
↳ collection of personality sketches C Characters =
personality types )
↳
primitive description of personality traits I types
th
→ ng century
b Galton ,
Cattell
→ individual differences
↳ Binet
-
D Stanford -
Binet test
↳ William James , Sigmund Freud
ideas PTSD in recruitment
→
;
→ 1937 : Gordon Allport
↳
starting point
"
Psychological
"
↳ Interpretation
Personality : A
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-
.
TRAIT -
DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES
~
Adjectives that can be used to describe characteristics
of people .
•
they refer to different aspects of people ( e.g their inner
-
.
qualities ,
their effect on other people ,
their relation to
others ,
etc .
)
PERSONALITY
~
Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms
within the individual that are organized and relatively
interactions
enduring and that influence his or her
with
,
and adaptions to , the intrapsyohic , physical and
Social environment .
PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS
Characteristics that describe people
~
ways in which are
different from each other .
-
• traits describe the average tendencies of a person
•
How traits are there ?
many
Is
:÷÷;a÷ :*
How the ?
traits organized
°
are
out .
:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷
:&
:
.
-
a
Personality is useful in
describing .
explaining and
predicting differences between individuals .
PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
Psychological like traits but refer
~
mechanisms are ,
more
to of
the
processes personality .
No
inputs ,
decision rules and Outputs
b.
key elements of a psychological mechanism
, WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL
Personality herself
~
with
is
something a person carries him or
Over time and from one situation to the next .
ORGANIZED
~
The psychological traits and mechanisms ,
for a given
person ,
are not simply a random collection of elements .
Personality is organized because the mechanisms and
traits are linked to one another in a coherent fashion .
ENDURING
~
Psychological traits are relatively enduring over time ,
particularly in adulthood , and are somewhat
consistent over situations .
Be some situations be overpowering and suppress
-
may
the of traits
expression psychological
INFLUENT AL FORCES
~
Personality traits and mechanisms can have an effect
on people 's lives Personality influences how we act ,
.
how we view ourselves ,
how we think about the world
,
how we interact with others ,
how we feel ,
how we
select our Social ) environment , what goals and
desires we pursue in life and how we react to our
circumstances .
PERSON -
ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
~
Interactions with situations include perceptions . selections ,
evocations and manipulations .
Two people may be
exposed to the same objective event ,
yet what they
pay attention to and how they interpret the event
may be very different .
•
perceptions how interpret the environment
-
: we see and
selections i the manner in which we choose situations to enter
evocations :
the reactions we produce in others
manipulations the in which intentionally attempt to
:
ways we
influence others
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